The increase in bone mineral density by bisphosphonate with active vitamin D analog is associated with the serum calcium level within the reference interval in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Objectives: To examine the factors associated with increase in lumbar spine bone mineral density (LS-BMD) by bisphosphonates (BPs) with active vitamin D analog (aVD).

Methods: Two independent postmenopausal osteoporotic patients treated by BPs with aVD for 24 months (Study 1: n?=?93, Study 2: n?=?99) were retrospectively analyzed.

Results: In Study 1, LS-BMD of the patients significantly increased for 24 m (5.4%, p?r²: 0.088, p?=?.02). While average sCa of the patients was 9.2?mg/dL before treatment, it increased time-dependently to 9.6?mg/dL for 24 m by treatment. As each patient had their LS-BMD five times during the study, there were four instances of %LS-BMD in each patient, resulting in 372 instances of %LS-BMD in Study 1. The smallest Akaike’s information criterion value for the most appropriate cut-off levels of sCa for %LS-BMD by treatment every 6 m was 9.3?mg/dL. The %LS-BMD by treatment for 6 m during 24 m period in patients with sCa ≥9.3?mg/dL (1.5%) was significantly higher than that in patients with sCa <9.3?mg/dL (0.8%, p?=?.038). The results of Study 2 were similar to those of Study 1, confirming the phenomena observed.

Conclusion: sCa was associated with an increased LS-BMD by BPs with aVD.     

混合Poisson分布及其应用：疾病的统计分布（五）

本文讨论了混合Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ分布的性质、应用条件、参数的估计及混合Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ分布阶数的确定，指出混合Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ分布可用于混合样本的判别归类，并用Ｂａｙｅｓ的思想导出其判别归类方法。模拟试验结果表明：当混合Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ分布中各部分的比例相差不大，而各部分的均值相差较大时，抽样效果和拟合效果越好，所得到的估计值越接近理论值；反之效果越差。     

Application of Akaike's information criterion (AIC) in the evaluation of linear pharmacokinetic equations

According to linear pharmacokinetics, the time course of plasma concentration of a drug, C_p,is expressed by a sum of exponential functions, C_p= _i=1 ⁿ a_i .This article describes a statistical technique to estimate the number of exponential terms, n,for the time course of drug by the application of Akaike's information criterion (AIC). Plasma concentrations of ethoxybenzamide, sulfisoxazole, bishydroxycoumarin, and diazepam measured following bolus intravenous injection were used as clinical examples for this method. Selection of models is compared between the AIC method and an Ftest method at significance levels of 5% and 1%.     

An examination of sex and racial/ethnic differences in the metabolic syndrome among adults: A confirmatory factor analysis and a resulting continuous severity score

Objective

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is typically diagnosed based on abnormalities in specific clustered clinical measures that are associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, current MetS criteria result in racial/ethnic discrepancies. Our goals were to use confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to delineate differential contributions to MetS by sub-group, and if contributions were discovered, develop sex and racial/ethnic-specific equations to calculate MetS severity.

Research Design and Methods

Using data on adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010, we performed a CFA of a single MetS factor that allowed differential loadings across groups, resulting in a sex and race/ethnicity-specific continuous MetS severity score.

Results

Loadings to the single MetS factor differed by sub-group for each MetS component (p < 0.001), with lower factor loadings among non-Hispanic-blacks for triglycerides and among Hispanics for waist circumference. Systolic blood pressure exhibited low factor loadings among all groups. MetS severity scores were correlated with biomarkers of future disease (high-sensitivity C-reactive-protein, uric acid, insulin resistance). Non-Hispanic-black-males with diabetics had a low prevalence of MetS but high MetS severity scores that were not significantly different from other racial/ethnic groups.

Conclusions

This analysis among adults uniquely demonstrated differences between sexes and racial/ethnic groups regarding contributions of traditional MetS components to an assumed single factor. The resulting equations provide a clinically-accessible and interpretable continuous measure of MetS for potential use in identifying adults at higher risk for MetS-related diseases and following changes within individuals over time. These equations hold potential to be a powerful new outcome for use in MetS-focused research and interventions.     

2项检测对2型糖尿病并发糖尿病足的意义

目的通过分析2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和生化检测指标,以探讨T2DM并发糖尿病足(DFU)发病的危险因素,为临床诊治提供指导。方法选取178例T2DM患者,其中78例为糖尿病足患者(DF组),100例为2型糖尿病患者无糖尿病足(DC组)。分别测定HbA1c和血压一般生化指标:同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、脂蛋白a[LP(a)]、载脂蛋白B(Apo B)和空腹血糖(FBG)等。然后比较两组各指标间的差异,采用Loges-tic分析具有差异的指标。结果 DC组和DF组Hcy、HbA1c和LP(a)等7项指标差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HbA1c(OR=2.01)和Hcy(OR=1.85)为T2DM患者发生足部溃疡的主要危险因素。结论在普通生化检测指标中Hcy及血浆HbA1c的检测对DFU的诊治最具指导意义。     

Kidney and liver distribution of ochratoxin A in male and female F344 rats

The impact of age and gender on Ochratoxin A (OTA) distribution in kidney and liver were studied. OTA was quantified in kidney and liver of young and mature rats of both sexes. Data was fit simultaneously using the population approach with NONMEM program. Fed and fasted mature males showed a 30% decrease and an 11% increase in relative bioavailability, respectively, in comparison with the rest of the groups. The OTA concentrations reached in kidney and liver were very similar between both organs. The models that best fit to data were the ones that considered that distribution of OTA to kidney and liver occurs from the central compartment and that elimination occurs mainly from the liver compartment. The kinetic analysis revealed that both, the apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment (V/F) and the apparent volume of distribution of the liver and kidney compartments (V_L,K/F) increased significantly with body weight. Thus, the sex differences observed in organs distribution are a reflection of the differences in relative bioavailability observed in adult males, as a consequence of the fed and fasted conditions and to the significant higher body weight of mature males which directly affected the V/F and V_L,K/F.     

人类IL-3受体α亚单位与小鼠AIC2B蛋白的相互作用

目的　探索人类IL - 3受体 (IL - 3R)α亚单位与小鼠内源性AIC2B蛋白在诱导细胞增殖信号表达过程中的相互作用。方法　通过PCR扩增技术 ,构建了IL - 3Rα亚单位胞浆域缺失突变子 34、2 2和CD ,然后将野生型和突变型IL - 3Rα亚单位cDNA分别转染到含小鼠IL - 3R基因表达的BaF3细胞 ,并检测了阳性转染子的增殖信号传导和酪氨酸磷酸化。结果　表达野生型hIL - 3Rα/ βc的BaF3阳性对照克隆在生理浓度hIL - 3诱导后即可出现细胞增殖和胞浆信号蛋白 βc、Jak2及Shc磷酸化 ;而含野生型IL - 3Rα亚单位和AIC2B的BaF3细胞可出现高浓度hIL - 3刺激的细胞增殖反应 ,但无信号传导分子的活化 ;共表达突变型IL - 3Rα与AIC2B的BaF3细胞及未转染的BaF3细胞则对各种浓度的hIL - 3刺激均无反应。结论　尽管hIL - 3Rβc亚单位在hIL - 3诱导的信号传导过程中担负关键作用 ,但小鼠内源性AIC2B也可与hIL - 3Rα重建功能性hIL - 3R ,这种功能的表达需要hIL - 3Rα完整受体分子的存在     

AIC信息法在变温相转移催化动力学中的应用

本文把AIC信息作为拟合多项式方次的判据,并在变温相转移催化动力学研究中应用,从而在拟合曲线精度不变的条件下减小了多项式的方次,并使拟合曲线的自由度不受损失。