经下颌下咽后入路颅颈交界腹侧区手术的应用解剖

目的:为临床经下颌下咽后入路处理颅颈交界腹侧区病变提供解剖学基础。方法:对15例(30侧)带颈头颅标本模拟经下颌下咽后入路进行显微外科解剖,同时进行了有关的数据测量。结果:该入路浅层的重要结构均位于各自的筋膜层中,以这些结构为解剖学标志可鉴别各层并引导手术进行。咽结节是显露的上限,限制骨窗侧方显露范围的各重要结构的内缘距正中线的水平距离分别为寰枢外侧关节,左(7.78±1.03)mm,右(7.81±1.01)mm;寰枕关节,左(9.27±1.86)mm,右(9.22±1.69)mm;舌下神经管内口,左(12.76±2.77)mm,右(12.81±2.53)mm及椎动脉C2水平,左(18.36±2.27)mm,右(18.47±2.14)mm;C1水平左(25.35±2.31)mm,右(25.18±2.33)mm;穿硬膜处,左(12.69±2.42)mm,右(12.72±2.39)mm。结论:(1)经下颌下咽后入路解剖上大致可分为3个层次:浅层,深层和骨、韧带及硬膜层。(2)掌握每个层次的解剖特点及操作要点,有助于安全充分的显露和处理咽颅颈交界腹侧区病变。     

Hyaluronic acid augmentation pharyngoplasty complicated by retropharyngeal abscess and grisel syndrome: Case report and literature review

Augmentation pharyngoplasty, in which tissue filler or grafts are used to augment the posterior nasopharynx, is an accepted option to treat velopharyngeal insufficiency. It is generally well tolerated and safe with limited side effects. In this study, we describe a case of a retropharyngeal abscess and Grisel syndrome following hyaluronic acid augmentation pharyngoplasty. Grisel syndrome is a serious condition that requires early diagnosis and prompt intervention to prevent further complications.     

Two cases of tuberculous retropharyngeal abscess in adults

Retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) is an acute or chronic deep neck tissue infection. Tuberculous RPA is chronic and extremely rare in adults. A 20-year-old female patient visited the local hospital due to cough and sputum. The sputum smear was positive for acid-fast staining, and lung computed tomography (CT) indicated pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The patient received the standard regimen of isoniazid+rifampicin+pyrazinamide+ethambutol (HRZE) for 6 months. After HRZE, pulmonary symptoms improved, but some pharyngeal discomfort remained. In another case, a 25-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital because of a mass on the left side of his neck. Lymph node TB was considered after a puncture biopsy. Lung CT showed no obvious abnormality. After HRZE for 5 months, the mass had progressively enlarged. Both patients underwent B-ultrasonography-guided puncture, and Xpert® MTB/RIF of the abscess was positive and rifampin-sensitive. Tuberculous RPA was diagnosed and treated with isoniazid+rifampicin (HR) for 12 months. After combination anti-TB therapy and surgical drainage, both patients fully recovered. Tuberculous RPA is rare in adults; because of pharyngeal symptoms or progressive enlargement of a neck mass with anti-TB treatment, clinicians need to suspect tuberculous RPA in adults, which is treated with anti-TB therapy and surgery.     

经高位咽后入路行上颈椎手术的治疗选择

目的 观察经高位咽后入路行上颈椎前路手术的适应证选择及临床效果. 方法 本组男32例,女9例;年龄12～67岁,平均41岁.Hangman骨折21例,C2椎体骨折2例,先天性齿状突不连伴难复性寰枢椎脱位12例,C1,2椎体结核4例,C3骨巨细胞瘤2例.全部患者均采用高位前方咽后入路显露C1～C3,Hangman骨折和C2椎体骨折复位后行C2,3椎间盘切除植骨融合内固定;先天性齿状突不连行前路松解复位、后路寰枢融合;结核行病灶清除,肿瘤行切除重建.创伤患者脊髓损伤按美围脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)标准评定,非创伤患者依据日本骨科学会(JOA)评分、Odom标准评定神经功能. 结果 41例患者均成功显露C1前弓～C3椎体,骨折患者行复位减压融合内固定;结核、肿瘤患者行病灶切除重建.创伤患者脊髓功能正常者无神经功能损害,不全瘫患者神经功能均有部分恢复.非创伤患者神经功能有明显改善,JOA评分由术前8.9分增加至12.5分;Odom评分临床成功率(优/良/可)达到94%.3例出现舌下神经牵拉症状,2例出现面神经刺激症状,无伤口感染. 结论 前方高位咽后入路可充分显露上颈椎,完成复位减压和稳定重建,并最大限度重建颈椎生理功能.     

Lymphatic drainage of the nasal fossae and nasopharynx: preliminary anatomical and radiological study with clinical implications

Background.

The lymphatic pathways of the nasal cavity are of enormous clinical importance. To date there has been no accurate radiographic record of these pathways.

Methods.

Four halves of the head and neck from 2 fresh human cadavers were studied.

Results.

The capillary network arises from the mucous membrane of the atrium, the turbinates, the floor of the nasal cavity, and the nasopharynx. They drain into the lateral pharyngeal and retropharyngeal lymph nodes. There is 1 lymphatic communication at the junction of the lateral posterior wall of the turbinates and the nasopharynx and another communication between 2 groups of lymph nodes situated between the origin of the facial artery and the bifurcation of the carotid artery.

Conclusions.

A rich avalvular lymph capillary network exists in the mucous membrane and 2 major lymph collecting vessels course through the parapharyngeal space to multiple first tier lymph nodes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009     

Management of paediatric retropharyngeal infections: non-surgical versus surgical

BACKGROUND: Paediatric retropharyngeal infections are a serious infection associated with morbidity. The relative role of medical versus surgical treatment for these infections is debated. The aims of this study were to analyse the management of retropharyngeal infections with respect to radiological assessment and treatment. METHODS: Medical records from January 1999 to June 2005 were reviewed and analysed. RESULTS: Twenty-four children with retropharyngeal infections were included in the study. Computed tomography had a 75% accuracy of correctly identifying an abscess and 36% of the retropharyngeal abscesses resolved with medical treatment alone, with no difference in duration of hospital stay or morbidity. CONCLUSION: Medical treatment of retropharyngeal abscesses has been successful in selected cases. We can recommend this as a viable alternative to surgery and would suggest a 48-h inpatient i.v. antibiotic trial in selected children before considering surgery.     

Retropharyngeal lipoma presenting with snoring in a child

Retropharyngeal lipoma in a child is an extremely rare pathological entity. The unusual case of a child with a retropharyngeal lipoma presenting with snoring is reported. Retropharyngeal lipoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of snoring in children.