The purpose of this study was to provide a simulation therapy environment for microwave thermal ablation (MWA) under the guidance of ultrasound, and to present an inexpensive and portable simulator built on real patient-based pre-operative computed tomography (CT) data. We established an experimental simulation system for teaching MWA and present the results of a preliminary evaluation of the simulator’s realism and utility for training. The system comprises physical elements of an electromagnetic tracking device and an abdominal phantom, and software elements providing three-dimensional (3D) image processing tools, real-time navigation functions and objective evaluation function module. Details of the novel aspects of this system are presented, including a portable electromagnetic tracking device, adoption of real patient-based pre-operative CT data of liver, operation simulation of MWA, and recording and playback of the operation simulation. Patients with liver cancer were selected for evaluation of the clinical application value of the experimental simulation system. A total of 50 consultant interventional radiologists and 20 specialist registrars in radiology rated the simulator’s hardware reality and overall ergonomics. Results show that the simulator system we describe can be used as a training tool for MWA. It enables training with real patient cases prior to surgery, and it can provide a realistic simulation of the actual procedure. 相似文献
A visible‐light‐induced free radical polymerization has been developed. Distinct from living radical polymerizations, this polymerization process is not controlled in the chain growth step but the initiation step, by in situ generation of a constantly low concentration of initiator radicals. “On”–“off” experiments demonstrate the ease of controllability of the process, which indicate that it may be an improved method for radical polymerization, since it can be initiated immediately by powering on a light, without any process of preheating the reaction mixture, and can also be sharply stopped by turning off the light, without any cooling process. By adjusting the photo irradiation strength, reaction temperature, and the amount of the initiator system, the molar mass as well as conversion rate can be accurately tuned, which is not easy to realize in other free radical polymerization systems. Notably, a molar mass as high as 5.64 × 105 g mol?1 (? = 1.71) is achieved with this new methodology.