麻醉后的行为学改变：在瑞典-儿科医院患者群体中开展出院后行为学问卷调查的有效性和可行性

目的：在瑞典儿童群体中，研究瑞典语译的出院后行为学问卷调查（PHBQ）的有效性和可行性。方法：利用回译的方法，将PHBQ翻译成瑞典语。340名2～13岁间的小儿被纳入研究对象，均曾有过麻醉下接受选择性外科手术或诊断过程的住院史。利用旋光性甲戊炔醇主成分分析的探测性因素分析法分析结果。选择一匹配于该模型的可靠的适合度测量法，利用证实性的因素分析，检查数据的适合度（所有因素P〉0．09）。     

Consumption of Dry Beans, Peas, and Lentils Could Improve Diet Quality in the US Population

The US Department of Agriculture's MyPyramid guidelines introduced a near doubling of the dietary recommendations for vegetables. These recommendations target specific subgroups of vegetables, including dry beans and peas. Dry beans and peas provide an array of nutrients and phytochemicals that have been shown to have beneficial health effects, yet consumption levels in the United States are quite low. Few studies have examined the influence of legume consumption on nutrient intakes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess nutrient and food group intakes of dry bean and pea consumers compared to nonconsumers. Dietary intake data from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for adults aged ≥19 years was used. Results show that on any given day only 7.9% of adults are consuming dry beans and peas; Mexican Americans or other Hispanics are more likely to be consumers than nonconsumers. Consuming approximately ½ c dry beans or peas resulted in higher intakes of fiber, protein, folate, zinc, iron, and magnesium with lower intakes of saturated fat and total fat. These data support the specific recommendation for dry beans and peas as part of the overall vegetable recommendation. Increased consumption of dry beans and peas—economical and nutrient-rich foods—could improve the diet quality of Americans.     

Americans' Awareness, Knowledge, and Behaviors Regarding Fats: 2006-2007

In recent years, epidemiologic and clinical studies, public and regulatory policy activity, and media coverage have focused on issues related to trans fats. To help increase awareness and understanding of trans fats and other fats, the American Heart Association (AHA) launched the “Face the Fats” national consumer education campaign in April 2007. The AHA commissioned a quantitative tracking survey between 2006 and 2007 to measure changes in consumer awareness, knowledge, and behaviors related fats and oils and their perceived impact on heart disease. The survey was conducted by Cogent Research. Data were collected during March 2006 and May 2007. At both time points, the survey included a representative sample of the American population age 18 to 65 years (n=1,000). The sampling plan for the survey was designed based on the 2000 and 2003 US Census. The margin of error was ±3.10 percentage points. Awareness of trans fats increased during the 1-year study period. In 2007, 92% of respondents were aware of trans fats, an increase from 84% in 2006 (P<0.05). The 2007 level was similar to the awareness of saturated fats (93%). Perceptions that certain fats and oils heighten the risk of heart disease increased for trans fats (73% in 2007 vs 63% in 2006; P<0.05), saturated fats (77% in 2007 vs 73% in 2006; P<0.05), and partially hydrogenated oils (56% in 2007 vs 49% in 2006; P<0.05). Knowledge about food sources of different fats remained low. On an unaided basis, 21% could name three food sources of trans fats in 2007, up from 17% in 2006 (P<0.05). Knowledge of food sources of saturated fat remained unchanged at 30% in 2007. Significantly more respondents in 2007 reported behavioral changes related to trans fat information, such as buying food products because they show “zero trans fat” on labels or packages (37% in 2007 vs. 32% in 2006; P<0.05). Between 2006 and 2007, consumer awareness about trans fats increased and attained awareness levels similar to saturated fats. The increased awareness is associated with improved self-reported behaviors in grocery shopping. Nonetheless, overall knowledge, especially regarding food sources of saturated and trans fats, remains relatively low, underscoring the need for heightened consumer education activities. The positive change in consumer awareness about trans fats is likely attributable to the wide range of messages available to them, including the AHA “Face the Fats” national consumer education campaign.     

Publishing Nutrition Research: A Review of Epidemiologic Methods

The use of epidemiologic research designs and analytical methods is common in dietetics research. Food and nutrition professionals who seek to perform evidence-based practice or participate in research design, analysis, and communication need skills in the essentials of epidemiology. This is one of a series of monographs on research methodology that addresses these needs and supports the goals of the Board of Editors of the Journal of the American Dietetic Association to further enhance competency and skills. This monograph focuses on statistical approaches for univariate analyses used with the primary observational study designs associated with epidemiology. Tables illustrating the presentation and interpretation of these results are included.     

Grandmothers, Fathers, and Depressive Symptoms Are Associated with Food Insecurity among Low-Income First-Time African-American Mothers in North Carolina

African Americans experience household food insecurity, ie, the limited availability of nutritionally adequate and safe food, or ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways, at three times the rate of non-Hispanic whites. Thirty percent of all African-American children live in food-insecure households. The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics associated with household food insecurity among a high-risk postpartum population. Two-hundred six low-income, African-American mother−infant dyads were recruited through the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children clinics. The six-item US Department of Agriculture food security scale was used to classify households as food secure, marginally food secure, or food insecure. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between selected maternal/household characteristics and household food-security status. Fifty-three percent of households were food secure, 34% were marginally food secure, and 13% were food insecure. Maternal education less than college (relative risk ratio [RRR]=0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22 to 0.98) was inversely associated with marginal food security. Depressive symptoms (RRR=1.09; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.16) and having the baby's father in the household (RRR=3.46; 95% CI: 1.22 to 9.82) were associated with household food insecurity, while having a grandmother in the household (RRR=0.15; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.80) was inversely associated with experiencing household food insecurity. Findings from this study suggest that young, low-income, African-American families with only one child are particularly susceptible to experiencing household food insecurity. Intergenerational support and transfer of knowledge can be a key protective attribute among low-income African-American households.     

海拔3417m世居及移居者无氧代谢阈与左心功能关系的探讨

在海拔３４１７ｍ对１８名健康世居藏族和１６名移居汉族用Ｊｅａｇｅｒ气体代谢自动分析系统和心阴抗图测定了无氧阈和最大摄氧量时的ＳＶ、ＣＯ、ＰＥＰ／ＬＶＥＴ和ＳａＯ２。结果显示：在海拔３４１７ｍ测得ＡＴ值明显低于海平面；世居藏族ＡＴ出现较晚，并且ＡＴ时的功率、ＶＯ２、ＭＶ、ＨＲ、ＣＯ、ＳＶ均高于移居汉族，而ＰＥＴ／ＬＶＥＴ比值小于移居组；两组的ＳＶ峰值出现时间不同，蕊居组在ＡＴ或ＡＴ以后出现的占７２％     

Unrealistic Weight-Loss Goals among Obese Patients Are Associated with Age and Causal Attributions

Unrealistic weight-loss goals may impede the success of weight-loss attempts. The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of unrealistic goals and their association with other patient characteristics at the start of a weight-loss program. For patients with a body mass index (calculated as kg/m²) of 30 to 35, 35 to 40, or 40 to 50, medically advised weight-loss goals were set at 10%, 15%, and 20% of current weight, respectively. Personal weight-loss goals exceeding the medically advised goal by >50% were considered unrealistic. Obesity-related beliefs were measured by the “Obesity Cognition Questionnaire” and the eating-behavior self-efficacy scale of the “Obesity Psychosocial State Questionnaire.” From September 2003 until March 2006, 90 patients were enrolled in the study, 26 men and 64 women, with a mean age of 43 years (range=18 to 68 years) and body mass indexes ranging from 30 to 50. Unrealistic goals were observed in 49% of the patients and were more frequent in younger patients (P=0.03), in patients attributing their obesity to physical causes (r=0.35, P=0.001), and in patients not attributing their obesity to behavioral causes (r=−0.28, P=0.008). This study confirms that discrepancies in weight-loss goals between obese patients and professionals occur frequently. Because unrealistic goals can hamper long-term outcomes of weight-loss programs, better outcomes could possibly be achieved by addressing unrealistic weight-loss goals before treatment.     

2例丙肝患者伴发获得性大疱性表皮松解症

作者报道2例确诊的慢性丙肝病毒感染患者合并获得性大疱性表皮松解症（EBA）。两例患者临床上均表现为典型EBA，包括皮肤脆性增加及自发和继发于外伤后发生皮肤水疱，继而以粟丘疹和瘢痕愈合。EBA常常是一种免疫状态改变或低下的疾病。还需进一步研究在这两例患者中和一般情况下丙肝病毒是否诱发EBA。     

CT重建椎弓根轴线投影点定位研究

目的:建立椎弓根螺钉最佳入钉点,提高椎弓根螺钉内固定术的准确性和安全性。方法:高速螺旋CT共扫描检查40例国人的200个L1~L5脊椎。重建后测量400个椎弓根的入点坐标(x,y),即椎弓根轴线在椎骨后表面的投影点与后正中线的距离(x)及与横突中线的垂直距离(y)。结果:x坐标从L1~L5逐渐增大,男性大于女性(P<0.05);y坐标从L1到L4逐渐下移,在L4与横突中线接近重叠,但L5突然上升,与L2节段水平相当,L1~L5y坐标基本上都在横突中线以上,但每组数据变异较大。就y坐标而言,椎弓根轴线投影点与传统入点比较均有差异。结论:横突中线是椎弓根螺钉置入的重要参照标志,但椎弓根轴线投影点并不在横突中线上,不同个体、节段之间y坐标存在的较大差异是高误置率发生的重要原因。对个体而言,术前常规通过CT测量椎弓根轴线在椎骨后表面的投影点数据对椎弓根螺钉的置入有重要指导意义。     

Dietary fatty acids, hemostasis, and cardiovascular disease risk

The cause of many myocardial infarctions is occlusive thrombosis, or a blood clot that stops blood flow in a coronary artery. Hemostasis involves a complex system of factors, which normally form and degrade blood clots, that work within a delicate balance. Emerging evidence suggests that some hemostatic factors, including factor VII, fibrinogen, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Accumulating evidence suggests a relationship between dietary fatty acids and emerging hemostatic CVD risk factors, although much of this evidence is incomplete or conflicting. Dietary supplementation with marine n-3 fatty acids prolongs bleeding time and may decrease risk for thrombosis. Factor VII coagulant activity modestly decreases with reductions in saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake and thereby may contribute to the beneficial effects of low SFA diets. Large triglyceride-rich particles formed during postprandial lipemia can support the assembly and function of coagulation complexes and seem to play a role in the activation of factor VII, and thus may partially explain increased CVD risk associated with increased postprandial triglyceridemia. As our understanding of the role of dietary fatty acids and hemostasis evolves, it is likely that we will be able to make specific dietary recommendations to further decrease CVD risk. At this juncture, however, increasing marine n-3 fatty acids and decreasing certain SFAs are leading strategies to reduce hemostatic CVD risk factors. An array of dietary strategies that target multiple CVD risk factors could have a greater impact on CVD than a single risk factor intervention strategy.