Survival of Patients with the Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

Between May 1982 and May 1988, 37 patients (28 males and 9 females, mean age 57.6, range 16–76 years) of approximately 600 evaluated for sustained ventricular tachycardia and/or fibrillation (VT/VF) were treated with an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD). Twenty-eight of the patients had coronary artery disease, 7 had nonischemic cardiomyopathy, 1 had amyloid hear disease, and 1 had rheumatic heart disease. The mean ejection fraction was 32.2 ± 12.9% (range, 9–64%). Eleven patients have died at a mean of 16.7 months after implantation. The cumulative survival rate was 81% at 1 year, 77% at 2 years. 68% at 3 years, and 53% at 4, 5, and 6 years. Considering only sudden deaths, the survival was 97% at 1 and 2 years, 90% at 3 years, and 80% at 4, 5, and 6 years. Twenty-one of the 37 patients received spontaneous shocks. If the first shock marks the time to death in the absence of an AICD, the cumulative survival rate would have been 56% at 1 year, 42% at 2 years, 29% at 3 years, and 14% at 4, 5, and 6 years. The maximum amount of time to a first appropriate shock was 39.7 months. Thirty-nine devices have been explanted; 28 for battery depletion; 5 for infections; 3 for improper sensing; 2 for electronic failure; and 1 at the time of cardiac transplantation. The average time to failure of the 28 units removed for battery depletion was 19.8 ±6.9 months. We conclude that in this group of patients, short-term survival is increased by AICD implantation, hut long-term survival remains poor. Incidence of sudden death is reduced to 3% at 1 and 2 years, 10% at 3 years, and 20% after 4 years. Other patient selection criteria may be useful in selecting those patients whose survival will be improved by the AICD.     

Heterocyclic amines: evaluation of their role in diet associated human cancer

1 Heterocyclic amines are formed in parts per billion levels when meat is cooked.
2 The heterocyclic amines MeIQx and PhIP are efficiently absorbed into the systemic circulation after ingestion of cooked food.
3 We have shown that MeIQx and PhIP, both in vitro and in vivo , are substrates for human hepatic CYP1A2, which exclusively and efficiently catalyses their conversion to genotoxic hydroxylamines.
4 MeIQx and PhIP are promutagens. MeIQx is a very powerful bacterial mutagen whereas PhIP is a more potent mammalian cell mutagen. Using a mammalian cell target gene, hprt , we have shown that PhIP induces a characteristic mutational 'fingerprint'.
5 MeIQx and PhIP are carcinogenic in bioassays. The PhIP mutational 'fingerprint' has been detected in the Apc gene of 5/8 colonic tumours induced by PhIP in rats.     

Identification of Babesia bigemina infected erythrocyte surface antigens containing epitopes conserved among strains

The presence of previously uncharacterized antigens (new antigens) on the surface of intact erythrocytes infected with three strains of Babesia bigemina from Kenya and one each from Puerto Rico, Mexico, St. Croix, and Texcoco-Mexico was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) reactions. These antigens were not strain specific because antibodies in bovine immune serum to either the Mexico or Kenya isolates reacted with all seven strains tested. Homologous and heterologous immune serum antibodies bound a maximum of 83% and 55%, respectively, of intact erythrocytes infected with the Kenya-Ngong strain but not uninfected erythrocytes. Both sera caused agglutination of only infected erythrocytes. Antibodies eluted from the surface of glutaraldehyde (0.25%) fixed infected erythrocytes had IFA reaction patterns among strains similar to those of immune sera before elation. Eluted antibodies were used to determine if these antigens were protein and encoded by B. bigemina. Eluted antibodies bound seven parasite-encoded proteins of 240, 220, 66, 62, 58, 52 and 38 kDa in an erythrocyte surfacespecific immunoprecipitation reaction of ³⁵-methionine labelled proteins. It was concluded that the surface of B. bigemina infected erythrocytes had parasite-encoded proteins and that these proteins had surface exposed epitopes that were conserved among the seven strains examined which were from two continents.     

Unusual Cause of Methadone Poisoning

ABSTRACT. A child with respiratory distress was found to have been given an antibiotic which was reconstituted with methadone. A delay in standard emergency room management led to a delay in diagnosis and treatment.     

Sickness Absence from Work and Influenza Immunization

The worth of influenza immunization for employees in U.K. industryhas been debated for more than a decade. In this study no evidencecould be found of a protective effect for sickness absence patterns.Other evidence is also cited that suggests routine influcnzalimmunization programmes for healthy adults of working age areno longer justilied. *Requests for reprints should be addressed to: Dr Robin Philipp, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR.     

SCOPE FOR CHANGE

For more than 30 years, The Spastics Society has provided generous support to Mac Keith Press. This has allowed us to pursue our policy of scientific/educational publishing without undue commercial pressures, benefiting our readers world-wide. Now the Spastics Society–one of the largest and most successful charities in the UK–is changing its name to Scope. We asked its Chairman to explain why.