Adding Bupivacaine to High-potassium Cardioplegia Improves Function and Reduces Cellular Damage of Rat Isolated Hearts after Prolonged, Cold Storage

Background: Bupivacaine retards myocardial acidosis during ischemia. The authors measured function of rat isolated hearts after prolonged storage to determine whether bupivacaine improves cardiac protection compared with standard cardioplegia alone.

Methods: After measuring cardiac function on a Langendorff apparatus, hearts were perfused with cardioplegia alone (controls), cardioplegia containing 500 [mu]m bupivacaine, or cardioplegia containing 2 mm lidocaine; were stored at 4[degrees]C for 12 h; and were then reperfused. Heart rate and left ventricular developed pressures were measured for 60 min. Maximum positive rate of change in ventricular pressure, oxygen consumption, and lactate dehydrogenase release were also measured.

Results: All bupivacaine-treated, four of five lidocaine-treated, and no control hearts beat throughout the 60-min recovery period. Mean values of heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure, maximum positive rate of change in ventricular pressure, rate-pressure product, and efficiency in bupivacaine-treated hearts exceeded those of the control group (P < 0.001 at 60 min for all). Mean values of the lidocaine group were intermediate. Oxygen consumption of the control group exceeded the other groups early in recovery, but not at later times. Lactate dehydrogenase release from the bupivacaine group was less than that from the control group (P < 0.001) but did not differ from baseline.     

Toxicity of prolonged exposure to ethanol and gasoline autoengine exhaust gases

A comparative chronic inhalation exposure study was performed to investigate the potential health effects of gasoline and ethanol engine exhaust fumes. Test atmospheres of gasoline and ethanol exhaust were given to Wistar rats and Balb C mice housed in inhalation chambers for a period of 5 weeks. Gas concentration and physical parameters were continually monitored during the exposure period. Several biological parameters were assessed after the exposure including pulmonary function, mutagenicity, and hematological, biochemical, and morphological examinations. The results demonstrated that the chronic toxicity of the gasoline-fueled engine is significantly higher than that of the ethanol engine.     

Obstacles to family practitioners' use of screening tests: determinants of practice?

The effect of nine obstacles on family physicians' screening practices is reported. Family physicians, responding to a survey of periodic health screening practices, were asked to check the obstacles that affected their use of the screening tests listed. In the survey, 129 members of the American Academy of Family Physicians and 146 members of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine responded. The most frequently reported obstacles to screening were cost to the patient, patient refusal, inconvenience to the patient, and lack of facilities or equipment. The tests for which the most obstacles were reported were sigmoidoscopy, tonometry, and mammography. The Society of Teachers of Family Medicine physicians were more likely to list cost, patient reluctance, inconvenience to the patient, "the literature does not recommend to use the test," time to perform the tests, and high rate of false positives and negatives. American Academy of Family physicians were more likely to report two obstacles, lack of facilities or equipment and risk to the patient. An analysis of the relationship between obstacle report and test utilization indicated that for only five of the nine obstacles were physicians who listed the obstacle less likely to use the test than physicians who did not list the obstacle. Obstacles related with decreased test use were those that affected the physician's ability to perform the test or the efficacy of the test itself while "inactive" obstacles were those that more directly affected and emanated from patients.     

Ascaris–Trichuris association and malnutrition in Brazilian children

This work was designed to evaluate the role of intestinal parasites on nutritional status in three rural areas of Brazil. A total of 520 children aged 1–12 years were studied through a questionnaire concerning housing, socio-economic conditions and a 24-h food intake recall. Measurements of weight and height were also performed, and three stool samples were collected on consecutive days for parasitological analysis. Scores of the standard deviation (z-scores) for the weight-for-height and height-for-age were used to characterise the growth profile. A high prevalence of intestinal parasites was detected, with Giardia lamblia (44%), Endolimax nana (43%), Ascaris lumbricoides (41%) and Trichuris trichiura (40%) being the most prevalent. Eleven per cent of the children were classified as showing stunting. Inadequate daily caloric intake was observed in 78% of the population and the proportion of those with inadequate protein intake was 34%. Logistic regression analysis was employed for the multivariate study. Stunting was significantly associated with estimators of low economic income, inadequate protein intake and polyparasitism, especially the association between Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura .