不同免疫调节方式对烧伤脓毒症大鼠炎性反应的影响

Objective To investigate the effect of Thymosin and growth hormone(GH) on inflam-matory response in burn rats or burn rats with sepsis. Methods Sixty-four SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group (NC, without treatment), sepsis group (S, with injection of LPS), sepsis + Thy-mosin group (ST, with successive injection of Thymosin and LPS), sepsis + GH group [SGH, with succes-sive injection of recombinant human GH (rhGH) and LPS], burn group, burn + sepsis group (BS, with in-jection of LPS after burn), burn + sepsis + Thymosin group (BST, with successive injection of Thymosin and LPS after burn), burn + sepsis + GH (BSGH, with successive injection of rhGH and LPS after burn), with 8 rats in each group. Specimens of spleen tissues were harvested to determine HLA-DR in lymphocyte and e-valuate inflammatory cell infiltration (score). Specimens of peripheral blood were collected to determine Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) level in monocyte and serum level of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10. Results Compared with those in NC group, serum level of IL-10 in S group decreased obviously, while other indices increased obviously (P<0.01). The levels of HLA-DR and TLR4 and serum level of TNF-α were similar between SGH and ST groups (P>0.05). Compared with those in SGH group [(2.87±0.04) score, and IL-6 (0.0083±0.0018) μg/mg, IL-4 (0.0102±0.0021) μg/mg, IL-10 (0.0310±0.0027) μg/mg, re-spectively], degree of inflammatory cell infiltration (1.50±0.76) score and serum levels of IL-6, IL-4, IL-10 of rats in ST group decreased obviously (0.0064±0.0012, 0.0058±0.0024, 0.0230±0.0021 μg/mg, respectively, P<0.01). The levels of HLA-DR, TLR4 and inflammatory cell infiltration degree of spleen in B group were respectively higher than those in NC group and lower than those in BS group. Com-pared with those in NC group, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 in B group increased significantly, while IL-4, IL-10 showed an opposite tendency. There was no obvious difference between BST and BSGH groups in ser-um levels of HLA-DR and IL-6 (P>0.05). Compared with those in BST group, inflammatory cell infiltra-tion degree in spleen and the levels of TLR, TNF-α obviously decreased (P<0.01), while IL-4 and IL-10 levels increased in BSGH group (P<0.01). Conclusions Inhibitive effects between Thymosin and GH on extensive inflammatory reaction were similar with or without trauma, and GH has better effect as compared with Thymosin when with trauma.     

TVT-O治疗女性压力性尿失禁8例临床体会

[目的]观察经闭孔经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术(TVT-O)治疗女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的效果。[方法]女性压力性尿失禁8例采用经闭孔经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术(TVT-O)治疗。[结果]手术时间平均30min,术中出血量平均30ml。2例出现轻微尿频,1例大腿内侧有不适,未特殊处理症状消失。术后随访8(2~18)个月,8例患者均获得满意尿控。[结论]该术式操作简便、手术创伤小、手术时间短,无膀胱损伤并发症,治愈率高,是治疗女性压力性尿失禁的有效方法。     

rhGH预治疗对烧伤后并发脓毒症大鼠早期免疫反应的影响

目的 研究重组人生长激素(rhGH)预治疗对烧伤后并发脓毒症大鼠免疫和炎症反应的影响.方法 64只SD大鼠根据烧伤和(或)脓毒症模型建立及预治疗情况进行随机分组.ELISA法测定大鼠血清致炎因子(IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α)和抑炎因子(IL-4、IL-10)水平;制备大鼠脾脏组织标本,HE染色计数中性粒细胞,免疫组化染色检测淋巴细胞HLA-DR的表达.结果 与烧伤并发脓毒症未预治疗组比较,相应rhGH预治疗组血清IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α水平显著降低(0.0064±0.0022 us 0.0139±0.0018、0.0058 4±0.0010 us 0.0128±0.0014、0.0055±0.0030 us 0.0145±0.0020)(P<0.05),而血清IL-4和IL-10水平则明显上升(0.0178±0.0045 us 0.0082 4±0.0026、0.0251 4±0.0104 us 0.0143 4±0.0029)(P<0.05);脾脏中性粒细胞浸润减少(0.38 4±0.52 us 1.73±1.49)(P<0.05),淋巴细胞HLA-DR表达下降(0.0280 4±0.0167 us 0.0594 4±0.0336),仍明显高于烧伤对照组(P<0.05).rhGH预治疗对未烧伤脓毒症大鼠的炎性细胞浸润和HLA-DR表达无明显影响.结论 在有创伤因素存在时,rhGH在降低致炎因子表达同时提高抑炎因子表达;在烧伤或烧伤并发脓毒症时,rhGH不但可以显著降低炎症反应,还可显著减少炎症细胞在外周的浸润,有效调控外周淋巴细胞HLA-DR的表达.     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术围手术期静脉血栓栓塞的预防策略

目的:探讨袖状胃切除术治疗肥胖症的结局及围手术期静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的预防措施。方法:按设计要求纳入50例肥胖患者,均接受标准的腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG),严格按随访计划完成一年的临床随访。通过术前VTE风险评估、围手术期应用下肢加压泵及尽早下床活动、积极应用低分子肝素等措施预防VTE。结果:术前体重、身体质量指数分别为(104.5±21.6)kg与(37.2±6.1)kg/m~2,术后12个月,降至(74.0±14.1)kg与(26.4±3.7)kg/m~2,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后1年,多余体重减轻比为(78.1%±22.8%);空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白术前平均(7.57±2.46)mmol/L与(7.58%±1.91%),术后3个月降至(5.65±1.31)mmol/L与(6.05%±1.35%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);此后继续缓慢下降或维持,术后12个月时,分别为(5.58±1.32)mmol/L与(5.88%±1.08%),与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。血压、甘油三酯也显著下降(P<0.01)。术后未发生任何形式的血栓栓塞及出血。结论:LSG可有效治疗肥胖及其合并的相关代谢疾病,尽管围手术期VTE发生率低,但因肥胖患者存在VTE高风险因素,仍应重视,积极的预防措施可有效降低甚至避免围手术期VTE的发生。     

严重创伤或全身性感染时内皮细胞损伤机制的认识

有研究提示,内皮细胞在机体严重创伤时易受损害,可作为分泌细胞分泌血管活性物质和黏附分子参与凝血和炎症反应,还可作为新生血管刺激因子促进烧伤或创伤的创面修复。近年大量研究发现,严重创伤或全身性感染时内皮细胞损伤的表现呈多样化．而导致内皮细胞损伤的原因也是多方面的。     

早期应用冬眠合剂对严重烫伤大鼠小肠的保护作用

Objective To study the protective effect of early application of lytic cocktail on small intestine of severely scalded rats. Methods Sixty-six male SD rats were divided into sham injury group (SI, n =6) , scald group (S, n = 30) and scald + lytic cocktail group (SL, n =30) according to the random number table. After anesthesia, rats in the latter 2 groups were inflicted with 30% full-thickness scald, while rats in S group were sham scalded with 37 ℃ water. Resuscitation was carried out by intraperitoneal injection with 2 mL · kg-1 · %TBSA-1 lactated Ringer's solution in all rats; meanwhile 12 mL/kg lytic cocktail [ 1 mL pethidine (50 mg/mL) + 1 mL chlorpromazine (25 mg/mL) + 1 mL promethazine (25 mg/mL) + 125 mL saline] was hypodermically injected to rats in SL group, while 12 mL/kg saline was injected into rats in the other 2 groups. Samples of blood and small intestine were harvested from S and SL groups at post scald hour (PSH) 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and from SI group at PSH 3, with 6 rats in each group at each time point. Pathological changes in intestine were observed, and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and CD68 were determined with immunohistochemistry at PSH 24 for S and SL groups and at PSH 3 for SI group. Plasma levels of D-lactate, diamine oxidase (DAO) , IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10 were determined with ELISA. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance. Results (1) At PSH 24, mild hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration and epithelial cell shedding were observed in small intestinal mucosa of rats in S group.Compared with S group, the intestinal villi of SL group were arranged regularly without obvious hyperemia and edema. (2) Expression levels of ICAM-1 and CD68 [(1. 69 ± 0.27)%, (0.80 ±0.09)%] in S group were significantly higher than those in SI group [(0.77 ± 0. 10) % , (0. 30 ± 0. 05) % , with F value respectively 77. 303 and 66. 933 , P < 0.05 or P < 0.01] and SL group [(0. 53 ± 0.09) % , (0. 32 ± 0. 06) % , with F value respectively 77. 303 and 66. 933 , P values all below 0.01]. (3) D-lactate levels of rats in SL group were significantly lower than those of rats in S group at PSH 12, 24 (with F value respectively 20. 936 and 19. 854, P values all below 0.01), while DAO levels of rats in SL group were significantly lower than those of rats in S group at PSH 3, 12 (with F value respectively 21. 930 and 11. 342 , P values all below 0. 05).(4) The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in S group were significantly higher than those of SI group at each time point (P values all below 0.01). The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in SL group were significantly higher than those of S group at PSH 6, 12 and 24 (with F value respectively 96. 517 , 17.365, 79.715 and 21. 328, 17. 682, 28.424, P <0.05 or P <0.01). IL-10 level in SL group was higher than that in S group at each time point, and the differences were statistically significant at PSH 6 and 24 (with F value respectively 8. 668, 19. 634, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusions Early administration of lytic cocktail can attenuate edema and injury of intestinal mucosa in severely scalded rats. The mechanism may lie in that it can reduce the expression of ICAM-1 in intestinal mucosa, decrease the number of intestinal inflammatory cells and regulate the levels of inflammatory cytokines.     

烧伤大鼠创面再上皮化过程中表皮角质形成细胞基底膜相关基因的表达

目的　检测烧伤大鼠创面再上皮化过程中表皮角质形成细胞(KCs)基底膜(BM)相关基因的表达。　方法　24只SD大鼠造成背部45cm2 深Ⅱ度烫伤, 按照基因表达检测时间随机分为A组(伤后3d)、B组(伤后10d)、C组(伤后14d)、D组(创面完成再上皮化后),每组6只。伤后3、10、14d取距创缘1cm处皮肤标本,创面完成再上皮化后取创面中心皮肤标本,分别制备KCs悬液。另取6只SD大鼠背部皮肤作为正常对照组。利用基因芯片技术检测各组大鼠创面再上皮化不同阶段KCsBM相关基因的差异性表达。　结果　伤后3d,KCs层粘连蛋白γ1、整合素β8基因表达上调,基因表达数据与正常对照比值分别为2. 068和2. 200。再上皮化过程中(伤后10、14d)层粘连蛋白受体1、整合素β1基因表达上调,β2、β7表达下调,基因表达数据与正常对照的比值分别为2. 472、2. 658、0. 419和0. 462。Ⅳ胶型原α1、α3基因各组均上调,基因表达数据与正常对照的比值为2. 547和2 036。　结论　创面再上皮化过程中整合素β1、层粘连蛋白γ1、层粘连蛋白受体1、Ⅳ型胶原α1、α3基因表达上调,有利于新生皮肤BM的构建和KCs与BM之间形成稳定的连接。     

兔烧伤后应用冬眠药物对肠道细菌易位的影响

烧伤后肠道细菌移位的研究已有很多报导,我们观察了兔烧伤后在液体复苏同时应用具有抑制神经内分泌过度反应的冬眠药物对肠道细菌移位的影响。材料和方法新西兰兔共50只雌雄不拘,体重2.5～3kg。随机分为冬眠药物组和对照组,每组各25只动物。兔背部脱毛在乙醚吸入麻醉下以85℃热水烫20秒造成15%体表面积的Ⅲ度烫伤(经切片证实)。两组动物均于伤后立即腹腔内注入生理盐水按3ml·kg~(-1)·BSA%给予复苏,伤后第2天补液量减半,第3天不输液。冬眠组在给予液体复苏后立即给予冬眠药物(度冷丁100mg、     

儿童烧伤治疗

随着经济社会发展，全球范围内烧伤发病率、烧伤严重程度、患者住院时间和病死率呈降低趋势。但是儿童烧伤发病率降低趋势却不明显，有的地区甚至有所升高。烧伤是导致儿童意外伤害的第2位致伤因素。全球范围内5岁以下儿童烧伤占比最高，其中尤以1～3岁为高发年龄，占比高达70%。我国尚无全国性儿童烧伤数据库，据统计我国每年约有4 000万中小学生遭受各种伤害，而儿童烧伤占儿童意外伤害的比例高达21%。烧伤及后期多次整形康复治疗给儿童、家庭及社会带来了沉重的心理与经济负担。因儿童独特的生理特点，创面愈合能力强，愈合后常有增生性瘢痕形成，同时还要兼顾对其发育的影响，这就决定了儿童烧伤治疗的复杂性。严重的儿童烧伤患者依然面临生存瓶颈：重度烧伤儿童中，年龄越小，生存率越低；儿童烧伤休克发生率高，烧伤面积>10%总体表面积即有发生休克的可能性。有研究表明，在低龄阶段反复多次及长时程的手术对儿童大脑发育不利，因此，对于儿童烧伤的创面处理应把握好手术指征。浅Ⅱ度烧伤、预计愈合时间在4周以内的深Ⅱ度烧伤创面，一般采取保守治疗。对于深Ⅱ度和部分Ⅲ度烧伤创面，如创面范围小、位于非功能部位或患者年龄过小、家属无手术意愿，也可选择非手术治疗，外用含银离子药物是创面抗感染治疗的有效手段，创面敷料可选用甲壳胺膜、生物护创膜及辐照猪皮等，也可用水胶体或泡沫型敷料等新型敷料覆盖。广泛深度烧伤创面应积极行手术治疗，削除创面坏死组织，自体皮片移植修复。抗瘢痕治疗是儿童深度烧伤创面康复的重要环节，可采用药物、压力治疗(弹力套及支具)、光电治疗及其他治疗(放射治疗、按摩等)等手段综合治疗。经严格抗瘢痕治疗仍有功能不佳或者外观畸形的患者应行手术整复治疗。我国目前儿童烧伤预防尚缺乏系统的、国家层面的指导文件。上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院灼伤整形科非常重视儿童烧伤的预防教育，采用各种形式进行科普教育。经常深入学校与学生们进行互动，宣传预防烧伤措施及烧伤急救处理知识。科室医师自导自演的小品——"'烧伤三宝’之婆媳大战"获得第五届上海市青年医学科普大赛一等奖。科室医师通过报刊、电台、广播及微信公众号等平台进行科普宣传教育。发动社会力量，引入慈善基金会资助贫困烧伤儿童。同时，科室每年举办上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院烧伤儿童夏令营，帮助烧伤的孩子们重返校园等。建立全国性的儿童烧伤数据库，发布年度儿童烧伤流行病学的研究和指导报告，为儿童烧伤预防和救治工作提供全面、客观、系统的流行病学依据是烧伤医务工作者下一步工作的核心。