Outcomes of Donor Evaluations for Adult-to-Adult Right Hepatic Lobe Living Donor Liver Transplantation

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of liver biopsy and outcome of patients undergoing donor evaluation for adult-to-adult right hepatic lobe living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Records of patients presenting for a comprehensive donor evaluation between 1997 and February 2005 were reviewed. Liver biopsy was performed only in patients with risk factors for abnormal histology. Two hundred and sixty patients underwent a comprehensive donor evaluation and 116 of 260 (45%) were suitable for donation, 14 of 260 (5.4%) did not complete evaluation and 130 of 260 (50%) were rejected. Four patients underwent unsuccessful hepatectomy surgery due to discovery of intraoperative abnormalities. Between 1997 and 2001, the acceptance rate of donor candidates (63%) was higher than 2002-2005 (36%), p < 0.0001. Sixty-six of the 150 eligible patients (44%) fulfilled criteria for liver biopsy and 28 of 66 (42%) had an abnormal finding. Less than half of the patients undergoing donor evaluation were suitable donors and the donor acceptance rate has declined over time. A large proportion of the patients undergoing liver biopsy have abnormal findings. Our evaluation process failed to identify 4 of 103 who had aborted donor surgeries.     

A follow‐up study of electromagnetic interference of cellular phones on electronic medical equipment in the emergency department

Objective: Considering the growing use of cellular phones and the fast appearance of new phone models, the electromagnetic interference of currently popular cellular phones on electronic medical equipment was tested. Methods: Three Personal Communication System cellular phones were put at different distances from multiple electronic medical devices, the interference effect was observed and the electromagnetic field strength measured with a spectrum analyser. Results: Only two small pieces of equipment, the CO₂ airway adapter and the haemoglucostix meter were affected and then only when the phone was in very close proximity. Conclusion: Compared to the results of our study in 1997 testing Global System for Mobile Communication phones, the Personal Communication System phones generated less electromagnetic interference. However a much larger scaled study and an accurate international electromagnetic interference standard are recommended before any change in the current restrictive hospital policy on mobile phone usage could be recommended.     

Investigation of the negative chronotropic action of SK&F 86466 in the pithed normotensive rat

SK&F 86466, 6-chloro-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-H-3-benzazepine, is a potent and selective antagonist of the α₂-adrenoceptor in vitro. This compound produced a small pressor response accompanied by a marked bradycardia when administered i.v. to the pithed normotensive rat. The pressor response was not affected by reserpine treatment, pretreatment with α- or β-adrenoceptor antagonists, atropine, or hexamethonium. The bradycardia was markedly reduced by bilateral vagotomy and pretreatment with atropine and attenuated by hexamethonium. The negative chronotropic action of SK&F 86466 was abolished by a combination of vagotomy and atropine. Mediation of the bradycardia by a baroreceptor reflex was ruled out by the observations that a lack of change in heart rate was associated with the vasopressor response to phenylephrine in the pithed rat pretreated with propranolol. It is concluded that the negative chronotropic action of SK&F 86466 in the pithed rat is mediated indirectly by activation of the cholinergic innervation of the heart.     

Improvement in quality of cryopreserved human spermatozoa by swim-up before freezing

Selecting a population of spermatozoa by the swim-up technique yields, after freezing and thawing, a population of cells that contains proportionally more spermatozoa which are morphologically normal, fewer spermatozoa with damaged tail membranes, and a greater percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa with greater velocities and amplitudes of head displacement than those obtained after freezing and thawing the same semen samples in the normal way. This pattern was found for the semen from 10 patients and five volunteers. However, the cells selected by swim-up were as susceptible to the stresses caused by freezing and thawing as unselected spermatozoa in the original semen sample, and the improvement came from the better quality of the initial sample.     

Investigation of, the cause of low sperm motility in asthenozoospermic patients by multiple quantitative tests

Multiple tests were done on the ejaculates of 10 asthenozoospermic patients and nine healthy normozoospermic volunteers in an attempt to identify individually the cause of low sperm motility in these patients. Possible defects in the sperm plasma membrane and the motility apparatus of sperm, and in epididymal function affecting the development of motility, were investigated. The presence of seminal sperm antibodies or any motility-inhibiting factors in the seminal plasma that could be removed by washing were also tested. Each test was positive in only one or two patients but axonemal dysfunction was identified in nine patients. Removal of seminal plasma from asthenozoospermic samples did not improve sperm motility to any greater extent than with donor ejaculates, and the motile sperm of these patients exhibited characteristics mostly similar to those of donors under various incubation conditions. Selection procedures are, therefore, required to obtain samples of good quality sperm from such asthenozoospermic ejaculates.     

Reproducibility of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor induced cough: A double-blind randomised study

1 The reproducibility of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor induced cough was examined in a double-blind cross over study in patients previously shown to have exhibited this side effect.

2 Ninety-seven patients who had experienced angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor cough within the last 2 years were challenged with enalapril 20 mg daily for 4 weeks to establish eligibility. Eighty-eight of 97 (91%) patients experienced a repeat of their cough symptoms. Sixty-four patients entered the double-blind part of the study where they were treated with enalapril 20 mg and a renin inhibitor for up to 4 weeks in random order. These periods were separated by a minimum 4 week placebo wash out.

3 Of 59 evaluable patients who received enalapril a second time, 37 (62.7%) experienced cough again. Of 62 patients on the renin inhibitor 16 (25.8%) experienced cough, however as it was not equi-efficacious to enalapril no valid comparison could be made.

4 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor cough is not reproducible within patients, as other factors are involved in the aetiology. Objective testing with blinded assessment together with symptom reporting, would give a more accurate measure of the incidence, and mechanism of this side effect.

     

A multicenter evaluation of safety of early extubation in liver transplant recipients.

Small single-institutional studies performed prior to the introduction of organ allocation using the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) suggest that early airway extubation of liver transplant recipients is a safe practice. We designed a multicenter study to examine adverse events associated with early extubation in patients selected for liver transplantation using MELD score. A total of 7 institutions extubated all patients meeting study criteria and reported adverse events that occurred within 72 hours following surgery. Adverse events were uncommon: occurring in only 7.7% of 391 patients studied. Most adverse events were pulmonary or surgically related. Pulmonary complications were usually minor, requiring only an increase in ambient oxygen concentration. The majority of surgical adverse events required additional surgery. Analysis of a limited set of perioperative variables suggest that blood transfusions and technical factors were associated with an increased risk of adverse events. In conclusion, while early extubation appears to be safe under specified circumstances, there are performance differences between institutions that remain to be explained.