Concurrent presence of metabolic syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome exacerbates the cardiovascular risk: a sleep clinic cohort study.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine whether the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with elevation of the pulse wave velocity (PWV) and increase in the plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), both of which are known markers of cardiovascular risk, and also to determine if the concurrent presence of the metabolic syndrome might exacerbate this elevation in the levels of these cardiovascular risk markers in subjects with OSAS. With these objectives, the PWV and serum CRP were measured in 184 subjects attending a sleep clinic. It was found that the PWV and CRP were higher in the subjects with OSAS (n=94) than in those without OSAS (n=90). Furthermore, among the subjects with OSAS, the PWV and CRP were higher in those with the concurrent presence of the metabolic syndrome (n= 41; PWV=1,562+/-19 cm/s; CRP=1.8+/-0.2 mg/l) than in those without metabolic syndrome (n=53; PWV=1,432+/-21 cm/s; CRP=1.2+/-0.1 mg/l) (p<0.05). A general linear model analysis demonstrated that OSAS and metabolic syndrome were independently associated with elevated PWV and increase of the plasma levels of CRP. OSAS appears to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk, as reflected by both elevated PWV and increase of the plasma CRP. The concurrent presence of metabolic syndrome may exacerbate this increase in cardiovascular risk in subjects with OSAS. Therefore, the concurrent presence of metabolic syndrome may constitute an additive cardiovascular risk factor in subjects with OSAS.     

Biochemical activities of lysosomal acid hydrolases in leukemic cells

The biochemical activities of 8 lysosomal acid hydrolases in leukemic cells from 48 patients were examined. Characteristic alterations were found in α-mannosidase, β-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activities of leukemic cells. The level of α-mannosidase activity was much higher in myelo(mono)genous leukemias (AML, AMoL, AMMoL, CML and CMMoL) than in lymphogenous ones (ALL, T-cell leukemia, hairy cell leukemia and CLL) without exception. The β-galactosidase activity also differed as a result of α-mannosidase, except in T-cell leukemia. In T-cell leukemia it was within the range of normal lymphocytes, but in the other lymphogenous leukemias it was significantly below normal. N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity in myelo(mono)genous leukemic cells was above the range of normal granulocytes. The changes in these enzyme levels were consistent. The lymphocytic or myelocytic nature of three cases of acute undifferentiated leukemia could be determined by enzyme studies. In two cases it was lymphocytic and in one it was myelocytic. The enzymatic abnormalities were also found in morphologically mature neutrophils from patients with not only chronic types (CML, CMMoL) but also acute types (AMoL, AMMoL) of leukemias, and were similar to those of their respective leukemic cells. Analysis of lysosomal enzymes (at least three of those mentioned above), can elucidate one of the biochemical properties of leukemic cells and may be valuable in the differentiation of leukemias.     

Replantation of the distal part of the leg

We successfully replanted five amputated legs in five patients and followed the patients for two years or more (average, six years and three months). Although some patients found it impossible to squat and to run because of joint contractures, muscle weakness, or deformities of the foot, all patients could perform other activities without difficulty. None had important pain or any intolerance to cold, and all were satisfied with the results of the replantation.     

Effects of endotoxin on intestinal hemodynamics, glutamine metabolism, and function

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intestinal hemodynamics and gut glutamine metabolism during endotoxemia, and their correlation with altered intestinal absorptive capacity and permeability. Seventeen Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. The endotoxin group (ENDO) recieved endotoxin (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally,n=9), while the control group (CONT,n=8) received saline injection. Twelve hours later, D-xylose (0.5 g/kg) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran, 750 mg/kg) were given by oral gavage. One hour later abdominal aortic (AA) blood flow, superior mesenteric venous (SMV) flow, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), and SMV pressure (SMVP) were also measured. The MAP, AA, and SMV blood flow decreased (P<0.05), while the CVP and SMVP increased (P<0.05) in the ENDO group as compared with the CONT group. The ENDO group showed significant decreases for both intestinal glutaminase activity and net intestinal glutamine uptake (P<0.05). The D-xylose concentration in SMV decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the ENDO group as compared with the CONT group. However, the plasma FITC-dextran concentration showed no significant difference between the groups. Endotoxin produced a hypodynamic effect in rats 12h after intraperitoneal administration in association with both a decreased intestinal glutamine metabolism and an absorptive capacity.     

A Clinical Study for the Durability of Oxygenators on Cardiopulmonary Support

Abstract: Cardiopulmonary support (CPS) requires durability of the oxygenator. The life span of the oxygenator is affected by various clinical factors, including patient condition, perfusion condition, and equipment usage. Predictors for the durability of oxygenators were evaluated clinically in this study. Thirty-two patients, who had undergone CPS during the last 3 years in our institute were assigned to this study. Fifty oxygenators had been used (Capiox SX in 19, CB Maxima in 23, and AL-6000 in 8). Significant predictors for the durability of oxygenators were evaluated by nonparametric survival analysis and proportional hazards regression analysis. Univariate regression analysis revealed 6 significant predictors for the life span of oxygenators. These were the oxygenator type, type of centrifugal pump, acidosis with blood pH less than 7.35, base excess less than -5, blood glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) levels greater than 1,000 IU, and blood lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels greater than 3,000 IU. After multivariate analysis, there remained only 2 significant predictors. An oxygenator used with a noncoated CPS system (Capiox SX with Capiox EBS) proved to have a significantly shorter life span than one used with a heparin-coated system (CB Maxima or AL-6000 with CB BP-80) (hazards ratio, 3.588, p = 0.0065). Patient conditions, which revealed acidosis with less than -5 of base excess, significantly shortened the life of the oxygenator (hazards ratio, 3.595, p = 0.0188).     

Surgical treatment of acquired tricuspid stenosis]

There is no definitive surgical procedure for acquired lesions of the tricuspid valve (TV). From Feb, 1978, through March, 1990, the surgical treatment for the organic lesions of TV was performed in 10 patients, repair in 6 and TV replacement in 4. TV was repaired by commissurotomy, annuloplasty or valvuloplasty, or combination of them. When residual significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and/or stenosis (TS) was detected by intraoperative pulsed Doppler echocardiography after reparative procedures, TV was replaced. Follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 12 years (mean, 45.3 months). There was no early death, and late death was noted in one patient 32 months after operation. Preoperatively, 7 patients were in NYHA class IV and 3 in class III. Out of survivors, 7 are in class I and 2 in class II because of progression of mitral stenosis or coronary artery disease. Following surgery, the patients exhibited significant decrease in the cardiothoracic ratio (69.3 +/- 7.2 to 56.9 +/- 6.4%; p less than 0.01) and in the mean right atrial pressure (11.4 +/- 3.6 to 8.6 +/- 3.1 mmHg; p less than 0.05). The postoperative right ventriculography showed mild to moderate TR in 3 of 6 patients who underwent TV repair. In conclusion, TV repair could be a reasonable procedure for the organic TV lesions, although careful follow-up is recommended for residual TR.     

Changes in serum myoglobin levels caused by tourniquet ischemia under normothermic and hypothermic conditions

Serum myoglobin levels have been found to be elevated for a few hours after removal of a tourniquet. In the present study, levels of serum myoglobin were measured by radioimmunoassay from local blood samples in patients who were treated with surgery of the hand in a bloodless field. After removal of the tourniquet blood samples were obtained from the antecubital vein of each patient immediately after release, five minutes, one hour, and 24 hours later. In these samples the serum myoglobin levels were not influenced by the mode of anesthesia, tourniquet time, or specific type of surgery. When the upper extremity was cooled with ice water before application of the tourniquet, however, the increase of serum myoglobin was statistically significantly inhibited when compared with the normothermic condition. Muscle injury due to tourniquet ischemia may be decreased by cooling of the upper extremity prior to tourniquet application.