Treatment of calcaneal fractures: the available evidence

Abstract Calcaneal fracture is the most common of the tarsal fractures and represents 1%–2% of all fractures. The fractures may be divided into extra-articular (not affecting the joint) and intra-articular (involving the talo-calcaneal and calcaneal cuboid joints) types. The management of heel fractures includes nonoperative and operative treatments, but no clear consensus has been reached. The choice of operative treatment is still controversial with many factors influencing the final clinical outcome. Many studies have assessed the outcome of treatment of calcaneal fractures, but there is a general disagreement on their management. The objective of this study was to collect and evaluate the scientific evidence reported in the literature supporting the different treatments for calcaneal fractures.     

Neoadjuvant therapy in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma:Review of the literature

Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA) is a malignant tumor of the biliary system and includes, according to the anatomical classification, intra hepatic CCA(iCCA),hilar CCA(hCCA) and distal CCA(dCCA). Hilar CCA is the most challenging type in terms of diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Surgery is the only treatment possibly providing long-term survival, but only few patients are considered resectable at the time of diagnosis. In fact, tumor's extension to segmentary or subsegmentary biliary ducts, along with large lymph node involvement or intrahepatic metastases, precludes the surgical approach. To achieve R0 margins is mandatory for the disease-free survival and overall survival. In case of unresectable locally advanced hCCA, radiochemotherapy(RCT) as neoadjuvant treatment demonstrated to be a therapeutic option before either hepatic resection or liver transplantation. Before liver surgery, RCT is believed to enhance the R0 margins rate. For patients meeting the Mayo Clinic criteria, RCT prior to orthotopic liver transplant(OLT) has proved to produce acceptable 5-years survivals. In this review, we analyze the current role of neoadjuvant RCT before resection as well as before OLT.     

A Novel Nomogram to Identify Candidates for Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection Among Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Diagnosed with Magnetic Resonance Imaging-targeted and Systematic Biopsies

Background

Available models for predicting lymph node invasion (LNI) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) might not be applicable to men diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted biopsies.

Chronic hepatitis C in patients with persistently normal alanine transaminase levels.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Many patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) have persistently normal serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. We compared characteristics of chronic hepatitis C patients with patients with normal and elevated ALT levels using data from 3 randomized phase III trials of peginterferon alfa-2a (40 kDa). METHODS: The characteristics of 480 patients with normal ALT values (on >or=3 occasions without any increases in ALT level over a 6- to 18-month period) and 1993 patients with elevated ALT levels were compared. Sixty-eight of the 480 patients with normal ALT levels were randomized to no treatment and monitored for 72 weeks. RESULTS: More patients with normal ALT levels than patients with elevated ALT levels were women (59% vs 32%; P<.01). The serum HCV RNA titer was significantly lower in patients with normal ALT levels (P<.01 vs in patients with elevated ALT levels). Patients with normal ALT levels had significantly lower inflammation and fibrosis scores on liver biopsy examination than patients with elevated ALT levels, but almost two-thirds had portal fibrosis and 10% had bridging fibrosis. No correlation between baseline ALT activity, HCV RNA level, and liver histology was observed in patients with normal ALT levels. During the 72-week follow-up period, ALT activity elevated above the upper limit of normal in 53% of the untreated patients with normal levels of ALT. None became HCV RNA undetectable. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic hepatitis C patients with normal ALT levels should be evaluated in a similar manner as patients with elevated ALT levels because they are at risk for developing significant liver disease. The decision to treat with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin should be based on multiple factors, rather than on ALT levels alone.     

Outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a reality.

BACKGROUND: The author reports on his personal experience with outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), focusing on the main guidelines for preoperative and postoperative care and operating technique. METHODS: From January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000, 71 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed on outpatients. The patients remained in the outpatient surgery center for 36 hours. In 4 cases, the operation was converted into laparotomy. Twenty patients remained in the hospital and were discharged 5 to 7 days later. Twelve were rehospitalized due to pathologies that could not be treated at home. RESULTS: In all 71 cases, a complete remission of the symptoms occurred, and none of the patients died either during the operation or during the postoperative period. Eighty percent of patients were treated in outpatient surgery centers. CONCLUSIONS: With clear guidelines, LC is a major surgical operation that can be performed in outpatient surgery centers without death or other major complications and with very good remission of symptoms.