Lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction in women

This article assesses the effects of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), not including urinary incontinence, on the overall sexual health of women, using literature that includes peer-reviewed articles. This article analyzes a number of studies that provide data on the prevalence and the predictors of sexual function impairment in women with LUTS, such as urinary urgency and frequency, overactive bladder syndrome, and interstitial cystitis. Because case studies provide substantial heterogeneity of outcome measures, this article does not apply meta-analytic techniques to the data. Most of the studies showed that LUTS can have a negative impact on the sexual health of women, sexual pain disorder being the more frequent complaint among patients with bladder dysfunctions.     

High affinity neurotrophin receptors in the human pre-term newborn, infant, and adult cerebellum

The immunohistochemical occurrence of the high affinity neurotrophin (NT) receptors trkA, trkB, and trkC is shown in the pre-term newborn, infant, and adult human post-mortem cerebellum. Immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and processes were observed in all specimens examined, where they appeared unevenly distributed in the cerebellar cortical layers and deep nuclei, and showed regional differences among cerebellar lobules and folia. The trk receptor-antibodies, tested by Western blot on human cerebellum homogenates, revealed multiple immunoreactive bands for trkA and single bands for trkB and trkC. The results obtained show the tissue localization of the trk receptor-like immunoreactivity in the human cerebellum from prenatal to adult age. The analysis for codistribution of the receptors with the relevant ligand and among the receptors in discrete cortical and deep nuclei tissue fields shows a wide variety of conditions, from a good similarity in terms of type and density of labeled structures, to a lack of correspondence, and suggests the possibility of colocalization of trk receptors with the relevant neurotrophin and among them in the cerebellar cortex. These results sustain the concept that the neurotrophin trophic system participates in the development, differentiation, and maintenance of the human cerebellar connectivity and support the possibility of a multifactorial trophic support for the neurotrophins through target-derived and local mechanisms.     

Prognostic relevance of histological grade and its components in node-negative breast cancer patients.

Available results highlight the lack of good level of evidence studies on the pure prognostic value of histological grade. In the present study, the prognostic relevance of histological grade and of its three components, tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic count, was analyzed in a series of 372 patients with node-negative breast cancer treated with locoregional therapy alone until early relapse. Histological grade was determined blindly by two observers and discordance between evaluations was resolved after joint review using a multihead microscope. No relation was observed between histological grade and any of its three components and disease-free survival. Conversely, a significant relation was observed between histological grade and distant metastasis-free survival (at 6 years, 94, 86 and 76% for grades 1, 2 and 3, respectively, P=0.013) as well as overall survival (98, 90 and 86%, P=0.001). A breakdown analysis as a function of the three components showed that neither tubule formation nor nuclear pleomorphism was associated with prognosis, and only mitotic count strongly influenced both distant metastasis-free survival (91, 82 and 74%, P=0.014) and overall survival (97, 87 and 85%, P=0.011). Histological grade suffers from a much higher subjectivity than any other microscopic evaluation of biomarkers as it is the sum of three different morphological features. Within the Italian Network for Quality Assessment of Tumor Biomarkers program we observed that histological grade is an independent prognostic variable, but also that this role is ascribable only to the number of mitotic figures. In conclusion, due to the ever smaller size of diagnosed breast cancers, resulting in less cancer tissue for biofunctional and molecular analysis, mitotic count evaluated under strict quality control conditions seems to be an accurate and feasible prognostic variable.     

Neurotrophin-like immunoreactivity in the human pre-term newborn, infant, and adult cerebellum

The immunohistochemical occurrence of the neurotrophin (NT) proteins nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is shown in the pre-term newborn, infant, and adult human post-mortem cerebellum. The NT-like immunoreactive structures were unevenly distributed and showed regional differences among cerebellar lobules and folia. NGF-, NT-4-, and NT-3-positive neuronal perikarya were observed in all specimens examined. At variance with the other neurotrophins, the BDNF antiserum labelled neuronal cell bodies only in newborn life and infancy, as well as extensive nerve fibre systems, whose density increased with age. The NT-antibodies, tested by Western blot on human cerebellum homogenates, revealed immunoreactive bands corresponding to proteins of heterogenous molecular weight. The results obtained provide a first demonstration of the tissue localization of the NTs in the human cerebellum from perinatal to adult age, thus suggesting their involvement in the development, differentiation and maintenance of the cerebellar connectivity. Codistribution of the four NTs or sets of them was observed in cortical and deep nuclei neurons. Multiple trophic roles for NTs, encompassing the classic target-derived and local mechanisms of support, are envisaged as significant in development, differentiation, and maintenance of the human cerebellar connectivity.     

Histological score for cells with irregular nuclear contours for the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis in children

Histological criteria for the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis include basal zone hyperplasia, stromal papillae elongation, and inflammatory infiltrate. However, endoscopic esophageal biopsy specimens may include little or no lamina propria. Intraepithelial T lymphocytes, seen in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections as cells with irregular nuclear contours (CINC), may have a higher density in children with esophagitis. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a numerical score built up by grading the "classical" parameters and its correlation with CINC density in grasp biopsy specimens obtained from children undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy with and without esophagitis. We analyzed esophageal biopsy specimens from 349 children (median age, 5 years) subdivided in 4 groups according to the previous routine histology report: group 1, 144 children with esophagitis; group 2, 65 controls; group 3, 51 children with dubious esophagitis; and group 4, 75 children with esophagitis on endoscopy but a normal histology report. A numerical value was assigned to each parameter; the sum of these values represented the histological score. We also evaluated intraepithelial CINC density (ie, number of CINC per high-power field). We separately analyzed histological sections with and without lamina propria. For both total score and for CINC density, we calculated a cutoff using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Cutoffs of 6 for score and of 4 for CINC density provided the best sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity of the histological score was better in biopsy specimens containing lamina propria (94%) than in those without lamina propria (4%). Sensitivity of CINC density was satisfactory in both specimens with (78%) and without (75%) lamina propria. Specificity was satisfactory for both parameters. In conclusion, when lamina propria was present in sections of endoscopic esophageal biopsy specimens, histological score provided a better diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of esophagitis. However, when no lamina propria was present, as was the case in 67% of our children, CINC density had better sensitivity. In addition, this latter parameter showed esophageal mucosa damage in 34% of previously dubious cases or cases with esophagitis at endoscopy but a previous routine histology report of normal mucosa.