比较手术夹闭和介入栓塞治疗颅内未破裂动脉瘤安全性和有效性的Meta分析

目的比较手术夹闭和介入栓塞治疗颅内未破裂动脉瘤的安全性和有效性。方法计算机检索1990至2018年颅内未破裂动脉瘤的所有临床对照研究。两名研究员分别纳入研究、提取数据、质量评价并应用Rev Man5. 0软件进行数据处理。结果最终纳入21篇文献,病例数109114例。Meta分析结果提示:手术夹闭组动脉瘤闭塞率为88. 2%,平均住院时间7. 7天,均高于介入栓塞组的65. 3%和4. 1天,P 0. 05。介入组患者的短期死亡率和致残率分别为0. 61%和2. 1%,均低于手术组的1. 27%和4. 7%,P 0. 05。介入组患者的1年期死亡率和致残率(2. 5%、2. 5%)均与手术组(2. 2%、1. 8%)无明显差异,P 0. 05。漏斗图未发现发表偏倚。敏感性分析结果一致。结论介入栓塞相比于手术夹闭可缩短患者的住院时间,降低患者的短期不良预后发生率。但是动脉瘤的闭塞率较低,1年期预后与手术夹闭无明显差异。据此推测手术夹闭患者的长期预后可能要好于介入栓塞,手术夹闭更适合于年轻患者。     

艾滋病儿童神经认知障碍相关因素研究进展

目的 总结艾滋病儿童神经认知障碍影响因素。方法 在PubMed、Web of Science、CNKI、万方和维普数据库，以“艾滋病”、“儿童”、“神经认知障碍”、“脑病”、“影响因素”为主题词或关键词，同时辅以手工检索和文献追溯检索近年相关文献。着重整理影响艾滋病儿童神经认知障碍的因素。对资料进行汇总并撰写综述。结果 检索并阅读相关文献100余篇。艾滋病病毒相关因素（HIV损害中枢神经系统、HIV逃逸及病毒储存库、HIV亚型）、宿主因素（启动抗病毒治疗时机、遗传因素、营养状况及合并其他疾病）、抗病毒治疗药物、社会心理因素等均可影响艾滋病感染儿童神经认知。结论 为了尽可能避免或降低艾滋病儿童神经认知障碍，应当尽早诊断、尽早给予高效的抗逆转录病毒治疗；随访中应重视神经认知发育的观察和筛查，及早识别神经认知障碍，积极寻找多方面的原因并进行有效干预。     

Checkpoint-blocker-induced autoimmunity is associated with favourable outcome in metastatic melanoma and distinct T-cell expression profiles

Background Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) activate CD8⁺ T cells, eliciting both anti-cancer activity and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The relationship of irAEs with baseline parameters and clinical outcome is unclear.Methods Retrospective evaluation of irAEs on survival was performed across primary (N = 144) and secondary (N = 211) independent cohorts of patients with metastatic melanoma receiving single agent (pembrolizumab/nivolumab—sICB) or combination (nivolumab and ipilimumab—cICB) checkpoint blockade. RNA from pre-treatment and post-treatment CD8⁺ T cells was sequenced and differential gene expression according to irAE development assessed.Results 58.3% of patients developed early irAEs and this was associated with longer progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) across both cohorts (log-rank test, OS: P < 0.0001). Median survival for patients without irAEs was 16.6 months (95% CI: 10.9–33.4) versus not-reached (P = 2.8 × 10⁻⁶). Pre-treatment monocyte and neutrophil counts, but not BMI, were additional predictors of clinical outcome. Differential expression of numerous gene pathway members was observed in CD8⁺ T cells according to irAE development, and patients not developing irAEs demonstrating upregulated CXCR1 pre- and post-treatment.Conclusions Early irAE development post-ICB is associated with favourable survival in MM. Development of irAEs is coupled to expression of numerous gene pathways, suggesting irAE development in-part reflects baseline immune activation.Subject terms: Immunotherapy, Melanoma     

淫羊藿、巴戟天中药提取物对恒河猴M0、M1型单核衍生巨噬细胞基因表达的影响

【目的】探讨中药淫羊藿、巴戟天提取物(中药注射液喘可治的组成)对恒河猴单核衍生的巨噬细胞在未极化(M0)、M1极化条件下基因表达的影响,分析其可能的免疫调节的作用机制。【方法】采用密度梯度离心法分离中国恒河猴外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs),采用贴壁法纯化出单核细胞,并以粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)刺激5 d以使单核细胞分化成巨噬细胞;然后不加入极化因子(M0)或以干扰素γ(IFN-γ,继续培养2 d)诱导巨噬细胞极化为M1表型,同时分别加入淫羊藿、巴戟天提取物进行干预;然后提取m RNA并逆转录后,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测CCR5、CD4、CTLA-4、Fox P3、IDO、IL-10、TGF-β等基因表达量。【结果】与空白对照组比较,加入巴戟天提取物培养的M0巨噬细胞基因表达上调不明显;经淫羊藿提取物培养的M0巨噬细胞,CCR5基因表达量上调4.21倍,TGF-β上调7.66倍,Fox P3、IL-10轻度上调,而CD4、CTLA-4、IDO等基因表达改变倍数无明显变化。经巴戟天提取物刺激的M1型巨噬细胞,CTLA-4基因表达量上调3.22倍,Fox P3上调3.69倍,CCR5、CD4、IL-10、IDO基因改变倍数均无明显变化,TGF-β未测出;而由淫羊藿提取物刺激的M1型巨噬细胞,IL-10的表达量上调11.83倍,Fox P3上调4.55倍,IDO、CCR5、CD4、CTLA-4基因改变倍数无明显变化,TGF-β未测出。【结论】巴戟天和淫羊藿提取物培养能够上调M1型巨噬细胞IL-10、Fox P3、CTLA-4等抑炎基因表达,淫羊藿提取物能够上调M0巨噬细胞CCR5和TGF-β等基因表达,促进病原体清除和组织修复,从而发挥多效免疫调节作用。     

Clinical analysis of high-intensity focussed ultrasound ablation for abdominal wall endometriosis: a 4-year experience at a specialty gynecological institution

Objective: To evaluate the long-term clinical effect of high-intensity focussed ultrasound (HIFU) as a non-invasive modality for ablation of abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE) foci.

Methods: All women who were diagnosed with cutaneous endometriosis and underwent HIFU ablation and 4-year follow-up were included. Patient symptoms, imaging performed, HIFU ablation, recurrence, lesion location, size and number were collected and analyzed.

Results: A total of 51 women with 57 painful abdominal wall masses with a median volume of 4.00?cm³ and a mean age of 30.5±2.12 years were treated with HIFU. The main symptoms were a palpable painful abdominal mass (93%), protrusion of the skin (28.1%, 16) or lack of protrusion of the skin (71.9%, 41). Ultrasound was initially performed in 100% (51) of women, whereas 6% (3) required MRI examinations to distinguish the features and range of the masses. Ablation was performed with a median 300?s of sonication time, 40?min treatment time, 150?W of power and 41800?J of total energy to treat lesions that were a median volume of 3.83?cm³. No severe complications occurred, except in one patient with a first-degree skin burn, during the 48-month follow-up period. The pooled recurrence of cutaneous endometriosis occurred in 3.9% (2) of women.

Conclusion: The diagnosis of AWE should be confirmed with imaging of the lesion number, location, size and features before HIFU ablation. HIFU should be the first choice for the treatment of AWE as it is a non-invasive method, with high efficiency and safety and rapid postoperative recovery.