Objective discrimination between mandibular open/close excursion patterns: a clinical case report

The purpose of this clinical case report was to describe the kinematic variables of movement that best discriminated between asymmetrical and symmetrical mandibular excursion patterns in a patient with myogenic temporomandibular dysfunction. Two mandibular movements (deemed to be asymmetrical and symmetrical by both patient and physiotherapist) were each recorded six times on three occasions at six, twelve, and 15 weeks after commencement of an exercise programme. The mandibular movements were captured with a 12-camera Motion Analysis System (Motion Analysis Corp., Santa Rosa, CA) with kinematic variables expressed in six degrees-of-freedom. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures was used to analyze the data. The asymmetrical pattern was characterized by increased axial rotation and decreased sagittal rotation but with no differences in translation values when compared to those of the symmetrical pattern. The results support the clinician's and patient's judgment regarding differences in quality of mandibular excursion patterns made over the course of time.     

Proposed evaluation of laboratory performance in an external hematology quality control scheme

The commercial control material for hematology Cell Dyn 16 Tri Level gave a good precision an accuracy using the four blood cell counters currently mostly used in Indonesia, the Coulter, Sysmex, Serono and Cell Dyn. It could be used as one of the hematology control material in an external quality control scheme. Result of the CV from participating laboratories are higher compared to this trial are caused by different level of laboratory technical ability although the geographical area and climate may also play a role. The new scoring calculation to evaluate the participant's performance gave a more wider range of DI scores, to give better insight to the performance of each laboratory.     

The Bali STD/AIDS study: association between vaginal hygiene practices and STDs among sex workers

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between genital cleansing practices and the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and of sexual health knowledge among female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia. METHODS: Low priced commercial sex workers (CSWs) participated in the Bali STD/AIDS Study, a 3 year educational project evaluating the effect of education on the subsequent use of condoms and the prevalence of STDs and AIDS. Structured interviews, genital evaluation, laboratory evaluation for STDs, and treatment were performed. Vaginal cleansing characteristics including frequency, type, and reasons for use, were evaluated. Associations between these characteristics and the presence of bacterial and viral genital infections were assessed. RESULTS: Of 625 female sex workers evaluated between May and July 1998, 99.1% used substances, such as soap and toothpaste, to clean the vagina at least daily, with 69.3% performing this after each intercourse. The women using such cleansers after each client did not differ from those using them once or less daily in education, AIDS and condom use knowledge, time working as a CSW, or number of clients in the previous day. However, they were younger than those using vaginal cleansers daily or less, and reported lower condom usage in the past week. Several genital symptoms, such as discoloured discharge and odour, were reported less by women with the highest frequency of vaginal cleanser use. Prevalence of genital infections in this population of women was substantial, with bacterial infections more prevalent than viral infections. Infections were not associated with the type of cleanser used, using a genital cleanser on the day of examination, or using a cleanser after each client versus daily or less, except for candida colonisation, which was more prevalent in women cleansing after each client (OR=1.87, 95% CI 1.21, 2.90). However, symptomatic candida vulvovaginitis (positive culture plus presence of symptoms) was not associated with the prevalence of genital cleansing. Women using genital cleansing in part for "infection avoidance" (39.7%) were more likely to have heard of STDs and AIDS, but were less knowledgeable about these infections, compared with women not citing this reason for genital cleansing. CONCLUSION: Commercial sex workers in low priced brothels in Bali have a high rate of genital infections, with lower rates of viral compared with bacterial infections. Genital cleansers, on a daily or after each intercourse schedule, are used routinely. Although genital cleansing after each intercourse was associated with fewer genital symptoms, the prevalence of STDs did not differ significantly based on this frequency, and the women's knowledge of STDs and AIDS was less than that of women cleansing less often. The effect of genital cleansing in general on STD and AIDS prevalence could not be assessed in this population owing to the lack of a non-cleansing cohort. Further study to elucidate the effect of vaginal cleansing practices on STD prevalence and resistance is needed.     

Social influence, AIDS/STD knowledge, and condom use among male clients of female sex workers in Bali.

The importance of social networks is increasingly being recognized in research on HIV risk behaviors. The objective of this article is to examine the association of AIDS and sexually transmitted disease (STD) knowledge, perceived susceptibility to HIV/STD infection, condom beliefs, demographic variables, and peer influence on the condom use of clients of Indonesian sex workers. Data for the study are drawn from the Bali STD/AIDS study conducted from 1997 to 1999 in Bali, Indonesia. During the project 2,026 men were selected for interviews in low price brothels. Statistical methods included multivariate regression models. Results of the study showed that younger men, men who have resided in Bali for at least a year, and more educated men were more likely to use condoms. Furthermore, men with stronger AIDS and STD knowledge and condom beliefs were more likely to use condoms. Men whose friends knew that they visited sex workers were less likely to use condoms. However, men who reported that their friends used condoms with sex workers and that their friends encouraged them to use condoms with sex workers were more likely to use condoms with sex workers. Implications for prevention of HIV infection are discussed.     

The Bali STD/AIDS Study: evaluation of an intervention for sex workers.

BACKGROUND: Prostitution has been an important factor in the spread of HIV infection in Asia. Interventions need to be developed to reduce the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections in this area. GOALS: To educate female sex workers about sexually transmitted infections and assess the impact of the educational intervention. STUDY DESIGN: Brothel areas in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, were divided into areas of high and low program (interventional) effort. The intervention included educational sessions for sex workers, treatment of sex workers for sexually transmitted disease (STD), condom distribution, and printed information for clients of the sex workers. A high-effort area was one in which a more intensive educational intervention occurred. A clinic was available for STD treatment in both areas. Behavioral surveys and STD testing were used to evaluate the programs. Six hundred female sex workers participated in behavioral surveys and STD examinations every 6 months for four rounds of data collection. Each round, about half of the women were new to the study. A total of 1586 women participated in at least one evaluation round. Changes were evaluated in AIDS knowledge, STD knowledge, and condom use, as well as in the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, syphilis, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Testing for HIV was conducted anonymously. RESULTS: Improvements were noted in the knowledge of sex workers about AIDS and STDs and in the reduction of some bacterial STDs. Women who remained in the study area for more than one round had increased knowledge of HIV infection/STDs and condom use and had reduced levels of syphilis, gonorrhea, and trichomonas infection (P < 0.01). The additional education received by women in the high-effort program area was associated with a reduction in the prevalence of syphilis. Prevalence of HIV remained low throughout the study. The high level of turnover of female sex workers contributed to the maintenance of significant levels of STDs in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Developers of HIV/STD prevention programs for sex workers need to consider the mobility of the sex worker population. Interventions combining behavioral and medical approaches can contribute to prevention of these diseases.     

The effect of an application-based educational intervention with a social cognitive theory model on pregnant women in Denpasar,Bali, Indonesia: a randomized controlled trial

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of application-based antenatal education based on social cognitive theory (SCT) on Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) scores, compliance with iron tablet consumption, and readiness for childbirth and complications among pregnant women in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.Methods This randomized controlled trial included 71 pregnant women in the treatment group and 74 pregnant women in the control group. The treatment group application-based antenatal education based on SCT, while the control group attended a conventional pregnancy class. Iron tablet consumption was verified by counting the remaining iron tablets. Information on participants’ lifestyles was collected using the HPLP II questionnaire with the help of an assistant. The collected data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 24.0.Results The antenatal education intervention effectively increased the HPLP II score by 0.32 points (2.62±0.331 before the intervention and 2.94±0.273 after). Meanwhile, the control group had a 0.13-point increase (p=0.001), from 2.67±0.336 to 2.80±0.275. There was no significant difference in iron tablet consumption (p=0.333) or readiness for delivery and complications (p=0.557) between the treatment and control groups.Conclusion Application-based antenatal education with SCT effectively increased the HPLP II scores of pregnant women in Denpasar, Bali. Although there was no significant difference in iron tablet consumption or readiness for delivery and complications, the values increased to a greater extent in the treatment group than in the control group. This education model is more suited to urban pregnant women who employed and have good internet access.     

Healthy tourism initiative in the age of COVID-19 in Indonesia

正The severity of COVID-19 epidemic is more salient for regions that are heavily reliant on tourism industry. The pandemic along with travel restrictions, border closures and social distancing requirements pose serious threats for the sustainability of tourism sectors in many regions of Indonesia, putting livelihoods for the whole societies at risk.     

Antioxidant activity and controlled release analysis of red ginger oleoresin (Zingiber officinale var rubrum) encapsulated in chitosan cross-linked by glutaraldehyde saturated toluene

The aim of this study was to determine encapsulation efficiency, particle size, and characterization of red ginger oleoresin microcapsules such as controlled release, morphology microcapsule and also determine the antioxidant activity of red ginger oleoresin microcapsules. The red ginger oleoresin was dispersed in chitosan and stirred to form an emulsion, then added to corn oil and stirred again to form a second emulsion. Glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) as a crosslinking agent was added dropwise into the emulsion and continues to be stirred for the solidification process. Chitosan microspheres filled with red ginger oleoresin were washed using petroleum ether followed by hexane and then dried in the oven. Controlled release analysis was carried out in a phosphate buffer medium at pH 7.4. Red ginger oleoresin microcapsules produced the highest encapsulation efficiency was 82.54 ± 3.5 with a mean diameter ranging from 110.12 ± 12.2 to 161.42 ± 40.1 µm. Cumulative release of red ginger oleoresin from microcapsules reached the highest level was 61.69 ± 1.3% from 2% chitosan concentration and 5 ml GST, and the lowest level was 50.01 ± 1.8% from 4% chitosan concentration and 20 ml GST after they were immersed in phosphate buffer for 72 h. The value of antioxidant activity was between 38.28 ± 0.07% and 61.99 ± 0.33%. The release mechanism based on the Korsmeyer-Peppas model was Fickian diffusion with a diffusion coefficient value of 1.332 × 10^?11–4.576 × 10^?13 cm²/s.