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1.
2.
Despite the use of gold complexes in modern medicine for over 100 years and the use of gold complexes in the management of
rheumatoid disease for more than 60 years, the definitive mechanisms of action for efficacy and for toxicity have not been
established.
Gold is a group 1b metal in the periodic table with several oxidation states but it is only Au(I) which is active in the biological
milieu. Gold sodium thiomalate is not only a polymeric structure, but also has the chiral ligand, thiomalic acid. Gold sodium
thiomalate thus can exist in several different physical states which may have different biological activity. In addition the
pharmacokinetic profile of gold complexes has been of little value in the understanding of either the mechanism of action,
efficacy or toxicity for both the injectable and the oral gold complexes. Many authors have misinterpreted research data on
the activities of gold complexes because they compared gold complexes of different structures, and gold complexes which exist
at different pH.
Experimental work in our laboratory has identified that gold sodium thiomalate is a mixture and can exist as either a yellow
or a colourless solution. These have some similar but several different biological activities.
Many factors contribute to the lack of understanding of the action of gold complexes. Some of these factors are related to
the wide variation in physical structure and biological activities exhibited by these compounds. 相似文献
3.
Post-transplantation diabetes is better controlled after conversion from prednisone to deflazacort: a prospective trial in renal transplants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Yu Seun Kim Myoung Soo Kim Soon Il Kim Seung Kil Lim Ho Yung Lee Dae Suk Han Kiil Park 《Transplant international》1997,10(3):197-201
It is well known that long-term use of steroids plays a decisive role in the development of glucose intolerance and diabetes
mellitus (DM). Deflazacort, an oxazoline derivative of prednisolone, has been introduced as a potential substitute for conventional
steroids in order to ameliorate glucose intolerance. We initiated a randomized study of conversion from prednisone to deflazacort
in kidney transplantation (Tx) recipients presenting with pre-Tx or post-Tx DM to ascertain whether or not the switch to deflazacort
would ameliorate the diabetic state. Forty-two recipients in the conversion group were compared with 40 patients on prednisone
(the control group) in a prospective manner. The dose reduction of insulin or oral blood glucose-lowering agents, the adequacy
of glucose control, and the development of side effects were the criteria for evaluating outcome. In the conversion group,
patients were switched to deflazacort at a dose ratio of 6 mg deflazacort to 5 mg prednisone. During the mean follow-up period
of 13.2 months, neither graft dysfunction nor acute rejection developed in the conversion group. Improvement in blood glucose
control in the conversion group was noted. When the conversion group was stratified into pre- or post-Tx DM, promising effects
were clearly evident in the post-Tx DM patients. More than 50 % dose reduction of blood glucose-lowering agents was possible
in 42.3 % of post-Tx DM patients. In conclusion, it was readily possible to control blood glucose better in post-Tx DM recipients
without seriously affecting the immunosuppressive activity after conversion to deflazacort.
Received: 20 August 1996 Received after revision: 25 November 1996 Accepted: 6 December 1996 相似文献
4.
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6.
N Bellamy W W Buchanan J M Esdaile A G Fam W F Kean J M Thompson G A Wells J Campbell 《The Journal of rheumatology》1991,18(11):1716-1722
Defining the minimum clinically important difference or delta to be detected in a clinical trial depends on a number of factors including the research hypothesis, patient characteristics, the nature of the intervention and the trial design. In 2 previous studies, we have developed standardized procedures for conducting outcome measurement based on current Food and Drug Administration and European League Against Rheumatism guidelines for clinical trials in ankylosing spondylitis, and thereafter, determined the standard deviation for these outcome measures. In the final component of this series of studies, we have employed a Delphi technique to establish estimates for delta, and calculated the sample size requirements under 2 different conditions of Type I and Type II error probabilities. 相似文献
7.
Transplant Tolerance in Non-Human Primates: Progress, Current Challenges and Unmet Needs 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
L. S. Kean S. Gangappa T. C. Pearson C. P. Larsen 《American journal of transplantation》2006,6(5P1):884-893
Given the significant morbidity associated with current post-transplant immunosuppressive regimens, induction of immune tolerance continues to be an important goal of clinical organ transplantation. While many strategies for inducing tolerance have been successfully applied in murine models, significant barriers are faced when translating these approaches to the clinic. This has necessitated pre-clinical studies in the more closely related model system, the non-human primates (NHP). In this review, we will discuss the four most prominent strategies for inducing transplantation tolerance and highlight their relative success and shortcomings in NHP. These strategies are: (1) T-cell costimulation blockade (2) mixed chimerism induction (3) T-cell depletion and (4) tolerance induction through regulatory T-cells. After discussing the progress that has been made with each of these strategies, we will identify this field's most pressing unmet needs and discuss how we may best overcome the resulting barriers to tolerance induction. 相似文献
8.
9.
K. Hamby A. Trexler T. C. Pearson C. P. Larsen M. R. Rigby L. S. Kean 《American journal of transplantation》2007,7(8):1884-1896
We have used a sensitive and specific in vivo killing assay to monitor the kinetics, anatomic location and mechanisms controlling NK-mediated rejection of Balb/c bone marrow by C57BL/6 natural killer (NK) cells. We find that NK killing of fully allogeneic bone marrow is a rapid, highly efficient process, leading to substantial rejection of transplanted marrow within 6 h of transplant and elimination of 85% of the transplanted cells within 2 days. NK-mediated rejection occurred predominantly in the spleen, with sparing of rejection in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Rejection was dependent on Perforin gene function, but was independent of interferon-gamma. Finally, rejection of Balb/c bone marrow by B6 NK cells required signaling through the Ly49D receptor, but occurred despite blockade of NKG2D, which distinguishes these results from previous studies using semiallogeneic transplant pairs. These results identify NK cells as highly active mediators of bone marrow rejection, and suggest that inhibiting NK function early during transplantation may increase the efficiency of engraftment and allow successful engraftment of limiting doses of donor bone marrow. 相似文献
10.
Bum Soon Choi Mi Jung Shin Suk Joon Shin Young Soo Kim Yeong Jin Choi Yong-Soo Kim In Sung Moon Suk Young Kim Yong Bok Koh Byung Kee Bang Chul Woo Yang 《American journal of transplantation》2005,5(6):1354-1360
We report here our 10-year experience of a biopsy performed at day 14 after transplantation in 304 patients with stable graft function. The factors that may have influenced subclinical rejection were analyzed according to histology. The incidence of subclinical rejection was 13.2%. Addition of mycophenolate mofetile (MMF) as a primary immunosuppressant significantly decreased the incidence of subclinical rejection compared with patients without such treatment (odds ratio, 0.23; p < 0.05). On the other hand, HLA-DR antigen mismatch (odds ratio, 2.39) and unrelated donor (odds ratio, 2.10) were also significantly associated with decreased subclinical rejection (p < 0.05). The incidence of acute rejection in patients with normal findings was lower than in those with borderline changes or subclinical rejection (0.23 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.48 +/- 0.07 and 0.60 +/- 0.11, respectively; p < 0.05). The graft survival rates in patients with subclinical rejection were lower than in patients with normal or borderline changes at 1 (88.4% vs. 97.9% and 99.1%; p < 0.05), 5 (77.8% vs. 96.2% and 95.9%; p < 0.05) and 10 (62.3% vs. 96.2% and 93.7%; p < 0.05) years. Thus, a protocol biopsy performed on day 14 after transplantation is useful for predicting graft survival. Triple therapy including MMF, related donor and HLA-DR antigen match are important factors for reducing subclinical rejection in living-donor renal transplantation. 相似文献