Electrospun Gelatin Fiber Mats Mixed With C.carandas Extract and its Enhanced Stability and Bioactivity

Crude C. carandas fruits ethanol extract (CCE) constituents important bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C. Its biological activities include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, etc. The present work was carried out to study the optimal conditions for fabricating electrospun gelatin fiber mats (GFM) loaded with CCE (CCE-GFM) and to evaluate the release capacity and stability of these bioactive compounds loaded into GFM. The optimal conditions for electrospinning GFM were the electrospinning 30% (w/v) gelatin solution prepared in 25% (v/v) ethanol solution containing 30% (v/v) acetic acid, under the fixed electrostatic field strength of 20 kV and at a distance between noodle tip and ground of 15 cm. The feed rate of an electrospinning solution was 1.5 mL/h. The electrospun gelatin fibers were smooth and continuous under the optimized electrospinning conditions, with an average diameter of 235.69 ± 10.45 nm. Additionally, at the loading of 15% (w/w) CCE in GFM, CCE-GFM exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with 88.22 ± 2.62% and the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity with 38.17 ± 1.86%. Compared with free CCE, CCE-GFM was more thermally stable upon the heating and cooling cycle testing. CCE-GFM had the percent reductions in total contents of phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin C togethering with the percent reductions of DPPH scavenging and anti-tyrosinase activities slower than pure CCE had. Furthermore, the drug release efficiency from CCE-GFM of 15% (w/w) CCE loading that was tested using modified Franz diffusion cell in an acetate buffer solution of pH 5.5 was 30%. CCE-GFM has shown the potential to utilize a facial mask sheet containing CCE valuable in high antioxidant activity for cosmetic applications.     

Premalignant lesions of cholangiocarcinoma: characteristics on ultrasonography and MRI

Background and objective

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignancy with high prevalence rate in Asia. The CCA premalignant lesions, including Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (Bil-IN) and Intraductal papillary neoplasm of biliary tract (IPNB), share a common carcinogenesis; however, on imaging, patterns of presentation are different. Patterns and imaging characteristics on ultrasonography (US) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of both Bil-IN and IPNB are reported herein.

Methods

In this retrospective study of imaging findings in premalignant CCA, pathology-proven cases of Bil-IN and IPNB at Chulabhorn Hospital were analyzed. Demographics, locations of lesions, imaging characteristics of both Bil-IN and IPNB were assessed, compared, and described.

Results

Twenty-one premalignant lesions, 13 Bil-INs and 8 IPNBs, from 18 patients were included. Both Bil-IN and IPNB lesions were found more commonly at the right than left intrahepatic ducts (66.7% vs. 33.3%), and had more peripheral than central locations (85.7% vs. 14.3%). On US, Bil-IN commonly presented as focal bile duct dilatation (76.9%), whereas IPNB was more variable with hyperechoic nodules (37.5%), focal bile duct dilatation (37.5%), and diffuse bile duct dilatation with intraductal nodules (25%). On MRI, focal bile duct dilatation and nonfunctioning bile excretion are the most sensitive findings with sensitivities in the range of 84.6% to 100%. The presence of intraductal nodules and connection to the biliary system are findings that were significantly different between IPNB and Bil-IN, 62.5% versus 7.7% (p = 0.014) and 75% versus 15.4% (p = 0.018), respectively.

Conclusions

Premalignant lesions of CCA, including Bil-IN and IPNB, have different imaging presentations. Knowledge of imaging presentations may improve early detection and increase confidence in diagnosis.

     

Electrospun cellulose acetate doped with astaxanthin derivatives from Haematococcus pluvialis for in vivo anti-aging activity

This research aims to study the release, in vivo anti-aging activity against Caenorhabditis elegans and stability of astaxanthins in a crude acetone extract of Haematococcus pluvialis from electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibers. The content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of astaxanthins in the crude extract were also determined. The content of astaxanthins was reported in terms of total carotenoid content (TCC) and found to be 10.75 ± 0.16 mg gcE⁻¹. IC₅₀ of DPPH radical scavenging activity for astaxanthins was 233.33 ± 4.18 μg mL⁻¹. It has been well known that astaxanthins are very unstable under environmental conditions, so the electrospinning technique was used to enhance their stability. In order to fabricate CA nanofibers containing a crude acetone extract of H. pluvialis, various solvent systems and percent loading of the crude acetone extract were studied. The optimal solvent system for fabrication of CA nanofibers was the acetone/dimethylformamide (DMF) system (2 : 1 v/v) with incorporation of 0.25% v/v Tween80, resulting in good morphology of CA nanofibers with av. 420 nm diameter. The loading efficiency (%) of the crude astaxanthins extract was 5% w/w of CA. With regard to the results of the in vivo oxidative stress assay, C. elegans pre-treated with 200 μg mL⁻¹ of the crude extract had a survival percent of 56 after administration of 250 mM of paraquat for 8 h. Under phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) containing 10% v/v acetone, the release of astaxanthins from the CA nanofibers loaded with the crude extract exhibited a prolonged profile. The stability of astaxanthins in electrospun CA nanofibers was examined using the freeze–thaw cycle testing through a DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was found that their stability was significantly different (P < 0.05) after the 12^th freeze–thaw cycle compared with the crude extract.

The astaxanthin derivatives loaded CA fibers enhanced the percentage survival of C. elegans upto 56.17% after adding paraquat and it stability increased with 1.7 times by using DPPH scavenging assay.