桦木酸对大鼠肺纤维化模型肺组织的影响＊

目的 探讨桦木酸对大鼠肺纤维化模型肺组织中NF-κB、β-arrestin2表达的影响。方法 15只SPF级雄性SD大鼠分为对照组、模型组、桦木酸组，每组5只。对照组予以单次气管内注射1 mL·kg^-1 0.9%生理盐水，模型组和桦木酸组予单次气管内快速注射5 mg·kg^-1博来霉素建立大鼠肺纤维化模型。造模1天后，对照组及模型组给予10 mL·kg^-1 1%可溶性淀粉溶液，桦木酸组给予50 mg·kg^-1的桦木酸悬浮液，持续21天。HE、Masson染色方法观察肺组织病理改变。酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测肺组织匀浆IL-6的水平。免疫组化法检测肺组织中NF-κB、β-arrestin2、IκBα的表达。结果 与对照组相比，模型组肺组织匀浆中IL-6水平升高，NF-κB、β-arrestin2、IκBα蛋白表达均上调（P<0.05）。与模型组相比，桦木酸组肺组织匀浆中IL-6水平降低，肺组织中NF-κB、β-arrestin2、IκBα蛋白表达均下调（P<0.05）。结论 桦木酸可减轻肺部炎症、减慢肺纤维化的发生发展，可能与下调肺组织中NF-κB、β-arrestin2有关。     

川陈皮素对糖尿病肾病大鼠AMPK和eNOS表达的影响研究

【摘要】目的 观察川陈皮素对糖尿病肾病大鼠的治疗作用，并从腺苷酸蛋白活化激酶（AMPK）和内皮型一氧化氮酶（eNOS）途径探讨其作用机理。方法 采用高脂高糖饲料喂养+链脲佐菌素（STZ）腹腔注射复制2型糖尿病肾脏损害大鼠模型，模型构建成功后，将其随机分为正常组、模型组、贝那普利干预组以及川陈皮素低、中和高剂量治疗组（n=20）。实验中密切监测大鼠一般情况，治疗期结束后收集尿液检测24h蛋白尿，收集血液检测肾功能指标、抗氧化指标，收集肾脏观察肾脏病理学，同时检测肾脏组织中AMPK及eNOS蛋白和mRNA的表达结果。结果 正常组肾小球正常，无明显病理特征；模型组出现肾小球增大，系膜和肾间质纤维组织增生；贝那普利组和川陈皮素三个剂量组相较于模型组明显减轻。与正常组相比，模型组24h尿蛋白定量、UREA、CREA和MDA明显升高(P＜005)；SOD和GSH明显降低(P＜005)，与模型组相比，贝那普利和川陈皮素三个剂量组24h尿蛋白定量、UREA、CREA和MDA明显降低(P＜005)，SOD和GSH明显升高(P＜005)。与正常组相比，模型组p AMPK、AMPK和eNOS蛋白和mRNA表达均明显降低(P＜005)；与模型组相比，贝那普利组和川陈皮素低、中和高剂量组AMPK和eNOS蛋白和mRNA表达明显升高(P＜005)。结论 川陈皮素可保护肾功能，提高血清和肾脏抗氧化指标，同时增加AMPK和eNOS蛋白和mRNA表达，最终保护糖尿病肾脏损害。     

不同年龄阿尔茨海默病患者脑核团ADC值与年龄的相关性

目的 探讨不同年龄阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者ADC值与年龄的相关性。方法 选取30例AD患者（AD组）和年龄与之相匹配的30名志愿者（对照组），按年龄段各分为6个亚组[55~59岁（n=3）、60~64岁（n=4）、65~70岁（n=9）、71~74岁（n=5）、75~80岁（n=6）、>80岁（n=3）]，测量双侧海马、红核、尾状核、杏仁体、壳核ADC值，并进行配对t检验、独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析及Pearson相关分析。结果 AD组红核左、右侧ADC值有统计学差异（P=0.022）。AD组不同年龄亚组右侧海马、双侧尾状核、右侧壳核ADC值差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）；2组不同年龄亚组双侧海马、壳核、尾状核ADC值差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。AD组右侧海马（r=0.615，P<0.001）、右侧壳核（r=0.653，P=0.001）及双侧尾状核（左侧：r=0.397，P=0.030；右侧：r=0.429，P=0.020）ADC值与年龄呈正相关。结论 AD患者右侧海马和壳核、双侧尾状核ADC值随年龄增加而增大。ADC值可为临床预测和早期诊断AD脑内右侧海马和壳核、双侧尾状核神经退行性病变提供参考。     

A comparison of the academic impact of plastic surgery units in the United Kingdom and Ireland using bibliometric analysis

Academic output is just one aspect of a successful career as a plastic surgeon. However, for those with a strong interest in academia, the academic output of a department will likely be a key factor when deciding how to rank jobs. The aim of this study was to quantify and rank the academic output of plastic surgery units across the UK and Ireland. The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science Bibliometric analysis tool was used to collate cumulative (1950–2016), 10 year (2006–2016) and 3 years (2013–2015) research output data for plastic surgery units in the UK and Ireland. Sixty-six plastic surgery units were identified. Departments were ranked for each time period according to the number of papers produced, number of citations (Nc) and h-index (a measure of the impact of scientific output). The top 3 departments for number of papers in the last 10 years were The Royal Free Hospital, London (226) Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford (218), and Morriston Hospital and Swansea (188). The top 3 for h-number were The Royal Free Hospital (21) Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester (18) and Morriston Hospital (17). Academic output varies across plastic surgery units in the UK and Ireland. A number of departments have consistently maintained high academic outputs across the years and will be of interest to surgeons hoping to pursue a career in academia.     

良性前列腺增生与前列腺慢性炎症的相关性研究进展

良性前列腺增生（BPH）是老年男性常见的泌尿系统疾病，其发病与前列腺慢性炎症之间存在显著相关。感染因子、尿液返流、代谢综合征、衰老过程和自身免疫应答在内的几种刺激，通过相应分子途径引起前列腺免疫细胞的组织定位和组成成分发生广泛改变，从而导致免疫系统失调，之后引发的组织损伤和缓慢愈合，导致了BPH发生和进展。本文通过总结良性前列腺增生与前列腺慢性炎症的相关性的临床研究结果，前列腺免疫细胞在病理生理机制层面与前两者之间的内在联系，以及抗炎药物对BPH-LUTS的干预作用，以其为BPH-LUTS的药物研发提供参考。     

Explicit Finite Element Models Accurately Predict Subject-Specific and Velocity-Dependent Kinetics of Sideways Fall Impact

The majority of hip fractures in the elderly are the result of a fall from standing or from a lower height. Current injury models focus mostly on femur strength while neglecting subject-specific loading. This article presents an injury modeling strategy for hip fractures related to sideways falls that takes subject-specific impact loading into account. Finite element models (FEMs) of the human body were used to predict the experienced load and the femoral strength in a single model. We validated these models for their predicted peak force, effective pelvic stiffness, and fracture status against matching ex vivo sideways fall impacts (n = 11) with a trochanter velocity of 3.1 m/s. Furthermore, they were compared to sideways impacts of volunteers with lower impact velocities that were previously conducted by other groups. Good agreement was found between the ex vivo experiments and the FEMs with respect to peak force (root mean square error [RMSE] = 10.7%, R² = 0.85) and effective pelvic stiffness (R² = 0.92, RMSE = 12.9%). The FEMs were predictive of the fracture status for 10 out of 11 specimens. Compared to the volunteer experiments from low height, the FEMs overestimated the peak force by 25% for low BMI subjects and 8% for high BMI subjects. The effective pelvic stiffness values that were derived from the FEMs were comparable to those derived from impacts with volunteers. The force attenuation from the impact surface to the femur ranged between 27% and 54% and was highly dependent on soft tissue thickness (R² = 0.86). The energy balance in the FEMS showed that at the time of peak force 79% to 93% of the total energy is either kinetic or was transformed to soft tissue deformation. The presented FEMs allow for direct discrimination between fracture and nonfracture outcome for sideways falls and bridge the gap between impact testing with volunteers and impact conditions representative of real life falls. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

Is routine extubation overnight safe in cardiac surgery patients?

Objectives

Expedient extubation after cardiac surgery has been associated with improved outcomes, leading to postoperative extubation frequently during overnight hours. However, recent evidence in a mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit population demonstrated worse outcomes with overnight extubation. This study investigated the impact of overnight extubation in a statewide, multicenter Society of Thoracic Surgeons database.