Silver Diamine Fluoride Protocol for Reducing Preventable Dental Hospitalisations in Victorian Children

IntroductionThis study was designed to assess whether a dental caries management protocol combining a single application of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) with comprehensive oral health education will successfully divert high-risk children from dental treatment under dental general anaesthesia (DGA), arrest active caries in primary teeth, and improve parent-reported child oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL).MethodsChildren aged 2 to 10 years, who attended two public dental agencies in Victoria, Australia, and were unable to tolerate restorative treatments in the clinic setting, elected to participate in either a 38% SDF intervention protocol or, alternatively, referral for DGA. Follow-up examinations were completed at 6 months to assess caries progression, decayed missing filled tooth index, PUFA index (pulpal involvement, ulceration, fistula, abscess), DGA referral rates, and OHRQoL (Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale [ECOHIS]).ResultsOf the total sample, 89.5% of children (n = 102) [mean (SD) age, 4.1 (1.0) years] with 401 active carious lesions elected to participate in the 38% SDF protocol; 10.5% (n = 12) of parents opted for referral for treatment under DGA. The proportion of active caries subsequently arrested at follow-up (number of arrested lesions/number of lesions treated) was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.87). There was an 88% reduction in referrals for DGA in eligible children over the 6-month period. The 38% SDF intervention group showed a significant improvement in ECOHIS scores at follow-up (P < .001).DiscussionAdoption of the 38% SDF intervention protocol resulted in a significant reduction in the rate of preventable dental hospitalisations. Most parents opted against referral for DGA. Parent-reported OHRQoL for children improved significantly.     

Acro-pectoro-renal field defect with contralateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction was noted in a newborn male infant with acro-pectoro-renal field defect. To our knowledge, this association has not previously been reported. Ultrasonography of the urinary tract should be performed on all children with aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle.     

Induction of ultraviolet cataracts in vitro: prevention by pyruvate.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the important cataract risk factors. The present studies examined the hypothesis that this effect is due to the UV penetration through the cornea and subsequent induction of a photochemical generation of reactive species of oxygen (ROS) in the aqueous and lens. The hypothesis was ascertained by rat lens organ culture studies conducted under UV (365 nm), with media containing micromolar levels of riboflavin, with and without pyruvate, the latter acting as an ROS scavenger. The implication of ROS in the UV-induced damage was confirmed by measurements of peroxide generation. Damage to the lens was assessed physiologically by measuring the decrease in its active transport of rubidium ions. Biochemically, it was assessed by measuring the lowering of adenosine triphosphate and glutathione. The incorporation of pyruvate in the medium protected the lens against these deleterious effects. That the beneficial effect of pyruvate is attributable to its ROS-scavenging property was proven by the peroxide depletion in its presence, commensurate with its own utilization in parallel. A protective effect of this keto acid against UV-induced tissue damage has been shown for the first time, suggesting its clinical usefulness against UV irradiation-induced pathologies. Hence, further studies on the possible protective effects of such alpha-keto acids against UV damage are in progress.     

RS 39604: a potent, selective and orally active 5-HT4 receptor antagonist.

1. Selective antagonism of 5-HT4 receptors may provide therapeutic benefit in certain disorders of the myocardium, alimentary and lower urinary tract. We now report on RS 39604, a novel and selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist and compare its pharmacological properties with those of SB 204070. 2. In guinea-pig striatal membranes, both RS 39604 and SB 204070 inhibited specific binding of [3H]-GR 113808 in a concentration-dependent manner yielding pKi estimates of 9.1 and 10.9, respectively. RS 39604 displayed a low affinity (pKi < 6.5) for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, alpha 1c, D1, D2, M1, M2, AT1, B1 and opioid mu receptors and moderate affinity for sigma 1, (pKi = 6.8) and sigma 2 (pKi = 7.8) sites. 3. In the rat isolated oesophagus, precontracted with carbachol, RS 39604 (30-300 nM) behaved as a competitive antagonist towards 5-HT-induced relaxation (pA2 = 9.3; Schild slope = 1.0). We and others have shown previously that SB 204070 behaves as an unsurmountable antagonist in this preparation (pA2 approximately 10.5). In the guinea-pig isolated ileal mucosa, RS 39604 (30 nM) antagonized 5-MeOT-induced increase in short-circuit current (pA2 = 9.1). 4. In anaesthetized vagotomized micropigs, RS 39604, administered by the i.v. or intraduodenal (i.duod.) route, produced dose-dependent inhibition of 5-HT-induced tachycardia (ID50 = 4.7 micrograms kg-1, i.v. and 254.5 micrograms kg-1, i.duod). At maximal doses of 30 micrograms kg-1, i.v. and 6 mg kg-1, i.duod., the inhibitory effects of RS 39604 lasted for more than 6 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Value of papanicolaou smear in detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection

This study was undertaken to assess the value of Papanicolaou smear for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The study was both retrospective (groups I and II) and prospective (group III). Group I consisted of 41 smears with cytomorphological changes proposed by Gupta, Kiviat, or Shiina. Group II was a control group, consisting of 30 cytologically normal smears. All these smears were subjected to specific immunofluorescent (IF) staining under identical conditions to confirm the diagnosis. In group III, 40 consecutive duplicate cervical smears were collected from patients attending the Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic. One smear was routinely examined, and the specific IF staining was done on the other smear. The results in all the three groups were analysed. It was concluded that Papanicolaou smear is not useful in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection.     

A Prophylactic Tibial Stem Reduces Rates of Early Aseptic Loosening in Patients with Severe Preoperative Varus Deformity in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundPatients with a preoperative varus deformity >8 degrees are at increased risk of aseptic loosening after total knee arthroplasty. This study analyzes the effect of a tibial stem on the rate of aseptic loosening in patients with a severe preoperative varus deformity.MethodsPatients with a preoperative varus deformity of >8 degrees and 2-year minimum follow-up with a stemmed tibial component (n = 67) were matched 1:2 to patients with a similar preoperative varus deformity with a standard tibial component (n = 134). Radiolucent lines were measured on the tibia at 6 weeks, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively using the Knee Society Radiographic Evaluation System. Failure was defined as revision due to aseptic loosening of the tibial component. Outcomes were evaluated using Student’s t-tests and log-rank tests.ResultsPatients with tibial stems had greater preoperative deformity (12.9 vs 11.3 degrees, P = .004). There was no difference in postoperative alignment (1.7 vs 2.1 degrees varus, P = .25) or tibial component angle (1.8 vs 2.1 degrees varus, P = .33). Patients with stems were more likely to have more constraint (44.8% vs 1.5%, P < .001). Progression of radiolucent lines >2 mm was observed in 17.6% (23/134) vs 5.97% (4/67) of patients in the stem group (P = .03). Rates of aseptic loosening were lower in the stem group (0% vs 5.15%, P = .05).ConclusionDespite worse preoperative deformity and higher utilization of constraint, tibial stem use in patients with severe preoperative varus deformity resulted in lower rates of aseptic loosening. Prophylactic use of stems in these patients may help increase implant survival.     

Catecholamine modulatory effects of nepicastat (RS-25560-197), a novel,potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine-β-hydroxylase

1. Inhibitory modulation of sympathetic nerve function may have a favourable impact on the progression of congestive heart failure. Nepicastat is a novel inhibitor of dopamine-β-hydroxylase, the enzyme which catalyses the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves. The in vitro pharmacology and in vivo catecholamine modulatory effects of nepicastat were investigated in the present study.
2. Nepicastat produced concentration-dependent inhibition of bovine (IC₅₀=8.5±0.8 nM) and human (IC₅₀=9.0±0.8  nM)dopamine-β-hydroxylase. The corresponding R-enantiomer (RS-25560-198) was approximately 2–3 fold less potent than nepicastat. Nepicastat had negligible affinity (>10 μM) for twelve other enzymes and thirteen neurotransmitter receptors.
3. Administration of nepicastat to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) (three consecutive doses of either 3, 10, 30 or 100 mg kg⁻¹, p.o.; 12 h apart) or beagle dogs (0.05, 0.5, 1.5 or 5 mg kg⁻¹, p.o.; b.i.d., for 5 days) produced dose-dependent decreases in noradrenaline content, increases in dopamine content and increases in dopamine/noradrenaline ratio in the artery (mesenteric or renal), left ventricle and cerebral cortex. At the highest dose studied, the decreases in tissue noradrenaline were 47%, 35% and 42% (in SHRs) and 88%, 91% and 96% (in dogs) in the artery, left ventricle and cerebral cortex, respectively. When tested at 30 mg kg⁻¹, p.o., in SHRs, nepicastat produced significantly greater changes in noradrenaline and dopamine content, as compared to the R-enantiomer (RS-25560-198), in the mesenteric artery and left ventricle.
4. Administration of nepicastat (2 mg kg⁻¹, b.i.d, p.o.) to beagle dogs for 15 days produced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline and increases in plasma concentrations of dopamine and dopamine/noradrenaline ratio. The peak reduction (52%) in plasma concentration of noradrenaline and the peak increase (646%) in plasma concentration of dopamine were observed on day-6 and day-7 of dosing, respectively.
5. The findings of this study suggest that nepicastat is a potent, selective and orally active inhibitor of dopamine-β-hydroxylase which produces gradual modulation of the sympathetic nervous system by inhibiting the biosynthesis of noradrenaline. This drug may, therefore, be of value in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders associated with over-activation of the sympathetic nervous system, such as congestive heart failure.

     

Mandibular talon cusp: report of two rare cases

Two rare cases of talon cusps in the mandibular incisors were observed during a prevalence study on talon cusp. One of them was seen on a mandibular primary lateral incisor. The other one was observed on the mandibular left permanent central incisor, and the right mandibular permanent central incisor was congenitally missing. There were no associated developmental syndromes with either of the cases reported. Of the 4770 children examined, nine cases had talon cusp with only two rare cases of mandibular talon cusp, one in the primary dentition and the other in the permanent dentition.     

Relationship between the existing caries status, plaque S. mutans and Cariostat caries activity test in children

An attempt was made in this study to find out the sensitivity and specificity of a caries activity test, CARIOSTAT and its relationship to the existing caries status and the plaque S. mutans level. The test proved to be highly sensitive and specific with significant relationship to the S.mutans count in the dental plaque. There also was a significant relationship between both the cultured microorganisms on MSB agar and the plaque in the Cariostat medium.