广东省早产儿视网膜病筛查情况调查分析

早产儿视网膜病(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)是发生在早产儿的视网膜增殖性病变,主要与早产低出生体重和吸氧等有关,严重时可导致失明,是儿童致盲的重要原因.由于发展中国家早产低出生体重儿的成活率明显提高,在世界范围内因ROP导致儿童视力损害的比例逐年增加[1].     

广东省早产儿视网膜病筛查情况调查分析

早产儿视网膜病(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)是发生在早产儿的视网膜增殖性病变,主要与早产低出生体重和吸氧等有关,严重时可导致失明,是儿童致盲的重要原因.由于发展中国家早产低出生体重儿的成活率明显提高,在世界范围内因ROP导致儿童视力损害的比例逐年增加[1].     

新生儿神经行为测定在高压氧治疗新生儿重度窒息中的效果评价

目的: 为了探讨新生儿神经行为测定(NBNA) 在评价高压氧治疗新生儿重度窒息中的意义。方法: 将新生儿重度窒息的患儿采用随机分组的方法分为高压氧治疗组和对照组, 两组各项指标具有可比性, 同时每例在出生后1 ~7d、12 ~14d、26~28d分别进行新生儿神经行为测定, 将结果进行统计学分析。结果: 出生后1~7d治疗组和对照组NBNA值分别为33 .3±8 .83、32. 7±7. 34, 两组结果经统计学处理无显著性差异。出生后26 ~28d治疗组和对照组NBNA值分别为39. 03±2 .92、37. 72±2. 91, 两组结果经统计学处理有显著性差异。1周内两组NBNA值<35分与>35分的发生率经统计学处理无显著性差异, 26~28d两组NBNA值<35分与>35分的发生率经统计学处理有显著性差异。结论: 高压氧治疗能减轻新生儿重度窒息的后遗症, 改善预后, NBNA对高压氧治疗新生儿重度窒息的疗效具有较好的评价效果。     

广东省早产儿视网膜病筛查阳性率调查分析

目的:了解广东省早产儿视网膜病(Retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的发病率,为规范开展早产儿ROP筛查奠定基础。方法:通过信函、现场和电子邮件的方式对广东省设有新生儿ICU的医院进行ROP筛查情况调查,调查内容包括2002年1月～2006年12月ROP筛查例数和阳性病例数。结果:筛查阳性率一级医院为零,二级医院为1.05%,三级医院为3.85%,广东省ROP筛查总阳性率为2.11%,随着医院级别的升高,ROP筛查阳性率不断增高;广州市ROP筛查阳性率明显高于省内其他地区的平均水平;二级医院中,综合医院和妇幼保健院ROP筛查阳性率分别为1.23%和0.98%,两者比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);而三级医院中,综合医院和妇幼保健院ROP筛查阳性率分别为3.62%和4.54%,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:广东省ROP筛查阳性率较低,各级医院ROP筛查情况差异较大,以行政干预手段促进和规范ROP筛查防治工作势在必行,建议建立以三级医院为依托的覆盖基层医院的ROP筛查防治模式,提高ROP的整体防治质量。     

建立区域性危重新生儿救治分中心的有效性研究

目的探讨建立区域性危重新生儿救治分中心对降低基层医院新生儿病死率、提高基层医院新生儿急救技术的有效性。方法在有条件的二级妇幼保健院按照准入标准建立危重新生儿救治分中心，采取一系列质量监管措施，比较分中心建立前后1年的医疗质量指标、科研教学情况和经济指标。结果区域性危重新生儿救治各分中心建立后1年，其年住院患儿数、危重患儿数、抢救成功率等均有不同程度的升高，患儿年病死数有不同程度的降低。窒息复苏新教程考核通过率除1所分中心外均有所提高，且通过率均在90％以上。多数分中心的新生儿窒息发生率有不同程度的下降，经济收入均有所增长，且科研教学意识提高。结论建立区域性危重新生儿救治分中心在有利于省中心自身发展的同时，能改变基层医院信息落后的局面，合理利用医疗资源，有效地促进基层妇幼保健院医疗、科研的发展，使病理新生儿的存活率明显提高，降低致残率，且医疗费用恰当，符合中国国情，值得大力推广。     

肺表面活性物质替代治疗与支气管肺发育不良的关系

Objective To explore, the effect of different dosage of pulmonary surfactant (PS) on the inci-dence of bronchopulmanary dysplasia. Method Four hundred and three premature infants with hyaline membrane disease were divided into 3 groups according to the dose of PS: low-dose group (L-PS group, ≤ 100 mg/kg, n =188) ,high-dose group(H-PS group, > 100 mg/kg, n = 94) and no-PS group (N-PS group, n = 121). The frac-tional inspired oxygen(FiO2) and ptlmonary oxygenating function before and after 6 hours treatment were observed and the durations of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, frequency of repeated intubafion, length of hospi-talization and the incidence of BPD were compared among the three groups. Results After 6 hours PS administra-tion, the FiO2,oxygen index and duration of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation were significantly decreased (P <0.05), while PO2 and the arterio-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen were significantly increased (P <0.05)in the H-PS and L-PS groups, compared with the N-PS group. Compared with the L-PS and N-PS groups,the H-PS group showed a decreased incidence of BPD. Conclusions PS administration could improve the pul-monary oxygenation and prevent the development of BPD, especially in high-dose.     

肺表面活性物质替代治疗与支气管肺发育不良的关系

Objective To explore, the effect of different dosage of pulmonary surfactant (PS) on the inci-dence of bronchopulmanary dysplasia. Method Four hundred and three premature infants with hyaline membrane disease were divided into 3 groups according to the dose of PS: low-dose group (L-PS group, ≤ 100 mg/kg, n =188) ,high-dose group(H-PS group, > 100 mg/kg, n = 94) and no-PS group (N-PS group, n = 121). The frac-tional inspired oxygen(FiO2) and ptlmonary oxygenating function before and after 6 hours treatment were observed and the durations of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, frequency of repeated intubafion, length of hospi-talization and the incidence of BPD were compared among the three groups. Results After 6 hours PS administra-tion, the FiO2,oxygen index and duration of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation were significantly decreased (P <0.05), while PO2 and the arterio-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen were significantly increased (P <0.05)in the H-PS and L-PS groups, compared with the N-PS group. Compared with the L-PS and N-PS groups,the H-PS group showed a decreased incidence of BPD. Conclusions PS administration could improve the pul-monary oxygenation and prevent the development of BPD, especially in high-dose.     

两种辅助通气方式早期应用于早产极低出生体重儿的临床效果比较

目的 比较鼻塞持续气道正压通气(nasal continuous positive airway pressure,nCPAP)与气管插管接呼吸机通气在早产极低出生体重儿生后早期应用的临床效果. 方法 选择生后60 min内出现呼吸窘迫症状的早产极低出生体重儿共123例纳入本前瞻性随机对照研究,nCPAP组63例,气管插管接呼吸机通气组(对照组)60例.采用卡方检验和t检验比较2组患儿支气管肺发育不良发生率、病死率、用氧、辅助通气使用和临床并发症情况. 结果 nCPAP组与对照组比较,支气管肺发育不良发生率[4.8％(3/63)与3.3％(2/60)]和病死率[7.9％(5/63)与6.6％(4/60)]差异均无统计学意义(x2 =0.16和0.07,P＞0.05).nCPAP组肺表面活性物质使用率(27.0％,17/63)低于对照组(83.3％,50/60),差异有统计学意义(x2=39.34,OR=0.3,90％ CI:0.2～0.6,P＜0.05).生后28 d时,nCPAP组辅助通气的比例(17.5％,11/63)低于对照组(25.0％,15/60)(OR=0.7,90％ CI:0.4～1.4);至纠正胎龄36周时,nCPAP组辅助通气比例(6.3％,4/63)仍低于对照组(8.3％,5/60)(OR=0.8,90％ CI:0.2～2.4),但差异均无统计学意义(x2分别为1.05和0.01,P均＞0.05).nCPAP组气漏发生率(11.1％,7/63)低于对照组(33.3％,20/60),差异有统计学意义(x2=8.86,OR=0.3,90％ CI:0.2～0.7,P＜0.05). 结论 与气管插管接呼吸机通气相比,在早产极低出生体重儿中早期使用nCPAP,不能降低病死率或支气管肺发育不良发生率,但可缩短辅助机械通气时间,降低气漏和使用肺表面活性物质的比例.     

鼻塞式同步间歇指令通气和持续气道正压通气在早产儿肺透明膜病中的应用

目的比较鼻塞式同步间歇指令通气(nSIMV)和持续气道正压通气(nCPAP)在早产儿肺透明膜病(HMD)中的临床应用效果。方法 66例肺透明膜病早产儿,常规使用肺表面活性物质进行替代治疗后,随机分入nSIMV组和nCPAP组,观察治疗后临床症状和血气指标(上机前、上机后6、12、24h)的变化。结果 nSIMV组患者呼吸支持时间明显短于nCPAP组(P<0.01);再次插管上呼吸机人数少于nCPAP组(P<0.01)。nSIMV组患儿经治疗6、12、24h血气指标均优于治疗前(P<0.01);同时,与nCPAP组比较血气指标恢复快,结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 nSIMV在对早产儿HMD进行呼吸支持治疗时优于nCPAP。     

肺表面活性物质替代治疗与支气管肺发育不良的关系

Objective To explore, the effect of different dosage of pulmonary surfactant (PS) on the inci-dence of bronchopulmanary dysplasia. Method Four hundred and three premature infants with hyaline membrane disease were divided into 3 groups according to the dose of PS: low-dose group (L-PS group, ≤ 100 mg/kg, n =188) ,high-dose group(H-PS group, > 100 mg/kg, n = 94) and no-PS group (N-PS group, n = 121). The frac-tional inspired oxygen(FiO2) and ptlmonary oxygenating function before and after 6 hours treatment were observed and the durations of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, frequency of repeated intubafion, length of hospi-talization and the incidence of BPD were compared among the three groups. Results After 6 hours PS administra-tion, the FiO2,oxygen index and duration of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation were significantly decreased (P <0.05), while PO2 and the arterio-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen were significantly increased (P <0.05)in the H-PS and L-PS groups, compared with the N-PS group. Compared with the L-PS and N-PS groups,the H-PS group showed a decreased incidence of BPD. Conclusions PS administration could improve the pul-monary oxygenation and prevent the development of BPD, especially in high-dose.