全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2110篇 |
免费 | 167篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 8篇 |
儿科学 | 93篇 |
妇产科学 | 46篇 |
基础医学 | 367篇 |
口腔科学 | 30篇 |
临床医学 | 240篇 |
内科学 | 425篇 |
皮肤病学 | 32篇 |
神经病学 | 236篇 |
特种医学 | 69篇 |
外科学 | 150篇 |
综合类 | 3篇 |
一般理论 | 4篇 |
预防医学 | 257篇 |
眼科学 | 34篇 |
药学 | 111篇 |
中国医学 | 2篇 |
肿瘤学 | 174篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 16篇 |
2022年 | 26篇 |
2021年 | 82篇 |
2020年 | 37篇 |
2019年 | 69篇 |
2018年 | 74篇 |
2017年 | 50篇 |
2016年 | 78篇 |
2015年 | 91篇 |
2014年 | 112篇 |
2013年 | 136篇 |
2012年 | 204篇 |
2011年 | 175篇 |
2010年 | 106篇 |
2009年 | 113篇 |
2008年 | 146篇 |
2007年 | 163篇 |
2006年 | 121篇 |
2005年 | 106篇 |
2004年 | 69篇 |
2003年 | 78篇 |
2002年 | 70篇 |
2001年 | 18篇 |
2000年 | 19篇 |
1999年 | 20篇 |
1998年 | 18篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 13篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1963年 | 1篇 |
1962年 | 5篇 |
1961年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2281条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
Jennifer C. Sasaki Ashley Allemang Steven M. Bryce Laura Custer Kerry L. Dearfield Yasmin Dietz Azeddine Elhajouji Patricia A. Escobar Albert J. Fornace Jr Roland Froetschl Sheila Galloway Ulrike Hemmann Giel Hendriks Heng-Hong Li Mirjam Luijten Gladys Ouedraogo Lauren Peel Stefan Pfuhler Daniel J. Roberts Véronique Thybaud Jan van Benthem Carole L. Yauk Maik Schuler 《Environmental and molecular mutagenesis》2020,61(1):114-134
In May 2017, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee hosted a workshop to discuss whether mode of action (MOA) investigation is enhanced through the application of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework. As AOPs are a relatively new approach in genetic toxicology, this report describes how AOPs could be harnessed to advance MOA analysis of genotoxicity pathways using five example case studies. Each of these genetic toxicology AOPs proposed for further development includes the relevant molecular initiating events, key events, and adverse outcomes (AOs), identification and/or further development of the appropriate assays to link an agent to these events, and discussion regarding the biological plausibility of the proposed AOP. A key difference between these proposed genetic toxicology AOPs versus traditional AOPs is that the AO is a genetic toxicology endpoint of potential significance in risk characterization, in contrast to an adverse state of an organism or a population. The first two detailed case studies describe provisional AOPs for aurora kinase inhibition and tubulin binding, leading to the common AO of aneuploidy. The remaining three case studies highlight provisional AOPs that lead to chromosome breakage or mutation via indirect DNA interaction (inhibition of topoisomerase II, production of cellular reactive oxygen species, and inhibition of DNA synthesis). These case studies serve as starting points for genotoxicity AOPs that could ultimately be published and utilized by the broader toxicology community and illustrate the practical considerations and evidence required to formalize such AOPs so that they may be applied to genetic toxicity evaluation schemes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:114–134, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
4.
Jeroen Kool Sebastiaan M van Liempd Huub van Rossum Danny A van Elswijk Hubertus Irth Jan N M Commandeur Nico P E Vermeulen 《Drug metabolism and disposition》2007,35(4):640-648
A high resolution screening (HRS) technology is described, in which gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is connected on-line to three parallel placed bioaffinity detection systems containing mammalian cytochromes P450 (P450s). The three so-called enzyme affinity detection (EAD) systems contained, respectively, liver microsomes from rats induced by beta-naphthoflavone (CYP1A activity), phenobarbital (CYP2B activity), and dexamethasone (CYP3A activity). Each P450-EAD system was optimized for enzyme, substrate, and organic modifier (isopropyl alcohol, methanol, and acetonitrile) in flow injection analysis mode. Characteristic P450 ligands were used to validate the P450-EAD systems. IC(50) values of the ligands were measured and found to be similar to those obtained with conventional microtiter plate reader assays. Detection limits (n = 3; signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of potent inhibitors ranged from 1 to 3 pmol for CYP1A activity, 4 to 17 pmol for CYP2B activity, and 4 to 15 pmol for CYP3A activity. The three optimized P450-EAD systems were subsequently coupled to gradient HPLC and used to screen compound mixtures for individual ligands. Finally, to increase analysis efficiency, a HRS system was constructed in which all three P450-EAD systems were coupled on-line and in parallel to gradient HPLC. The triple parallelized P450-EAD system was shown to enable rapid profiling of individual components in complex mixtures for inhibitory activity to three different P450s. 相似文献
5.
Eva Broberger Carol Tishelman Louise von Essen Eva Doukkali Mirjam A. G. Sprangers 《Quality of life research》2007,16(10):1635-1645
Patients with lung cancer experience considerable distress. Therefore, accurate methods for assessing distress and quality
of life over time may play a key role for managing and evaluating palliative care. Alternatives to commonly used standardized
questionnaires are individual measures. This study prospectively and retrospectively explored the concerns that 46 patients
with inoperable lung cancer spontaneously reported as causing most distress close to diagnosis and 6 months later. Changes
in content individually generated through a structured inductive freelisting were compared with EORTC-QLQ-C30+LC13 ratings.
The results showed that patients perceived a wide variety of concerns as most distressing and that their concerns changed
over time. Between 56 and 62% of these concerns were assessed by items included in the EORTC-QLQ-C30+LC13 questionnaires.
Furthermore, patients’ reports of most distress from fatigue, pain and dyspnea were not always reflected in intensity ratings
of comparable EORTC-QLQ-C30+LC13 items. These results indicate that items included in standardized measures are not always
adequate to assess patients’ concerns, priorities and changes over time. In addition to standardized questionnaires, individualized
measures may be useful in the clinical palliative setting for providing detailed information about the individual’s problems
and prioritizations. 相似文献
6.
Raffael Kalisch Mirjam Schubert Wolfgang Jacob Melanie S Kessler Rosa Hemauer Alexandra Wigger Rainer Landgraf Dorothee P Auer 《Neuropsychopharmacology》2006,31(5):925-932
In depressed patients as well as healthy controls, a positive relationship between hippocampal volume and trait anxiety has been reported. This study sought to explore the possible inter-relation between hippocampal volume and trait anxiety further. Magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T was used to measure hippocampal volumes in a rat model of extremes in trait anxiety (experiment 1) and in a Wistar population with normal anxiety-related behavior (experiment 2). In addition to anxiety-related behavior, potentially confounding factors (depression-like, exploratory, and locomotor behavior) were assessed. Experiment 1 globally supported the hypothesis of a positive relationship between hippocampus volume and trait anxiety but did not allow for ruling out possible confounds arising from cosegregation of other behavioral traits. Experiment 2 yielded strong evidence for a negative relationship which was specific for trait anxiety. Thus, the relationship between hippocampal volume and anxiety may be more complex than expected. Interestingly, anxiety-related behavior in experiment 2 had a stronger influence on hippocampal volume than depression-like behavior. In the light of hippocampal volume loss in anxiety disorder and frequent comorbidity of anxiety and depression, this finding suggests that further research into the relationship between anxiety and hippocampal volume may be critical for understanding hippocampal contributions to normal and pathological behavior. 相似文献
7.
Hannu Luomajoki Jan Kool Eling D de Bruin Olavi Airaksinen 《BMC musculoskeletal disorders》2007,8(1):90
Background
Movement control dysfunction [MCD] reduces active control of movements. Patients with MCD might form an important subgroup among patients with non specific low back pain. The diagnosis is based on the observation of active movements. Although widely used clinically, only a few studies have been performed to determine the test reliability. The aim of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-observer reliability of movement control dysfunction tests of the lumbar spine. 相似文献8.
9.
Mirjam Gross-Jendroska Christina J Flaxel Steve D Schwartz Frank G Holz Fred W Fitzke Veit-Peter Gabel Alan C Bird 《Clinical & experimental ophthalmology》1998,26(4):311-317
Purpose: To flatten pigment epithelial detachments (PED) cue to age-related macular degeneration in an attempt to visualize the underlying choroidal neovascularization by fluorescein angiography (FA) and reveal a treatment target. Methods: Nine patients with PED received intravitreal gas injections via the pars plana and postured face down. Fluorescein angiograms were obtained before and after gas injection. In two patients, retinal scotopic sensitivity was also measured. Results: Eight patients demonstrated change in the shape and size of the PED following gas injection. Four patients showed a better delineation of underlying structures on FA. Three patients had focal laser treatment to the newly visible choroidal neovascular complex, but this was successful in only one patient with flattening of the PED. Conclusion: Pigment epithelial detachments can be modified by intravitreal gas injection in some patients, but this treatment did not have a major impact on overall outcome or management. 相似文献
10.
Matzen K Dirkx AE oude Egbrink MG Speth C Götte M Ascherl G Grimm T Griffioen AW Stürzl M 《Virus research》2004,104(2):145-155
HIV-1-infected patients exhibit severe damages of the aortic endothelium, develop angioproliferative lesions such as Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. An increased adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium is a common pathogenic parameter of AIDS-associated vascular diseases. Here we show that the HIV-1 Tat protein, a regulatory protein of HIV-1 released by infected cells, and TNF-alpha, a cytokine increased in sera and tissues of HIV-1-infected patients, activate synergistically the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. This effect is selectively mediated by HIV-1 Tat, since HIV-1 Nef, another HIV-1 regulatory protein, and the HIV-1 envelope protein gp41, had no effect. In vitro adhesion assays with PBMC and quantitative cell type analysis of adherent cells by FACS demonstrated that HIV-1 Tat selectively activates the adhesion of T-cells and monocytes but not of B-cells. Intravital microscopic studies in mice confirmed the synergistic activity of HIV-1 Tat and TNF-alpha on leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium in vivo. These data indicate that HIV-1 Tat in cooperation with TNF-alpha may contribute to the vascular damage and cardiovascular diseases observed in AIDS patients but also to the prominent extravasation of T-cells and monocytes which is a key process in the formation and progression of KS lesions. 相似文献