Geschichte der Exoprothetik an der unteren Extremität

Following the development of prosthetics for the lower limb since the middle of the 18th century one will find very interesting similarities to modern prostheses. This becomes evident when looking at former knee and ankle joint mechanisms or socket designs. Also, the materials used for the prostheses underwent very interesting variations. In our paper we will describe the development of socket designs and several materials from the beginning of the 19th century. Several still obtainable books dealing with 200 years of prosthetics development, were reviewed. Charles White describes in the year 1761 a supramalleolar amputation using the flap technique and the specially built BK prostheses the socket. V. Brünninghausen describes in 1809 a socket made of tin sheet. It was built oval, as the normal transverse section of the thigh is. Stump adhesion was obtained when a shortly trimmed dog fur--panelling the socket and covering the stump--was attached like brushes end on end. A similar fitting was described by Heine in 1811, v. Dornblüth in 1831, and Mrs. Eichler in 1836. Hermann first mentioned the need of a perpendicular construction of prostheses. Parmelee developed in 1868 the first suction socket. The first tuber-enclosing socketdesign was made by Riedel in 1911. We will show documents from this time and will also show, that muscle-physiological aspects had a very important influence on socket designs.     

Increased mucosal inflammatory cytokines in children with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis

The concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1-β in tissue homogenates of gastric mucosal biopsy specimens, and in gastric juice samples from Helicobacter pylori-positive and -negative children, were determined. The study population comprised 30 children with recurrent abdominal pain attending upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Of these patients 18 were infected with H. pylori. Cytokine concentrations in gastric biopsy homogenate supernatants and in gastric juice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TNF-α levels in gastric juice and in gastric biopsy homogenate supernatants in patients with H. pylori-positive gastritis were found to be significantly higher than those in children without H. pylori infection. IL-6 levels were also higher in H. pylori -infected subjects, but the difference in IL-6 concentrations measured in gastric juice and biopsy homogenate supernatants did not reach statistical significance. IL-1-β concentrations in both specimens showed no significant difference between the two groups of children. It was suggested that increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α and IL-6 generated locally within the gastric mucosa might be implicated in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated gastritis in childhood.     

Interferon and lamivudine vs. interferon for hepatitis B e antigen-positive hepatitis B treatment: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

AIMS: To compare interferon monotherapy with its combination with lamivudine for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive hepatitis B treatment. METHODS: Two independent researchers identified pertinent randomized controlled trials. The trials were evaluated for methodological quality and heterogeneity. Rates of sustained virological and biochemical responses, and HBeAg clearance and seroconversion were used as primary efficacy measures. Quantitative meta-analyses were conducted to assess differences between groups for conventional and pegylated interferon, and overall. RESULTS: Greater sustained virological, biochemical and seroconversion rates were observed with addition of lamivudine to conventional [odds ratio (OR)=3.1, 95% confidence intervals (CI) (1.7-5.5), P<0.0001, OR=1.8, 95% CI (1.2-2.7), P=0.007 and OR=1.8, 95% CI (1.1-2.8), P=0.01 respectively], although not pegylated [OR=1.1, 95% CI (0.5-2.3), P=0.8, OR=1.0, 95% CI (0.7-1.3), P=0.94, and OR=0.9, 95% CI (0.6-1.2), P=0.34 respectively] interferon-alpha, with no significant affect on HBeAg clearance rates [OR=1.6, 95% CI (0.9-2.7), P=0.09, and OR=0.8, 95% CI (0.6-1.1), P=0.26 respectively]. Excluding virological response (P<0.001), pegylated interferon monotherapy and conventional interferon and lamivudine combination therapy were similarly efficacious (P>0.05), with the former studied in harder to treat patients, as evidenced by the superior virological response observed with conventional as compared with pegylated interferon monotherapy (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: In comparable populations, pegylated interferon monotherapy is likely to be equally or more efficacious than conventional interferon and lamivudine combination therapy, thus constituting the treatment of choice, with no added benefit with lamivudine addition. However, when conventional interferon is used, its combination with lamivudine should be considered.     

Rekonstruktive Fußchirurgie bei diabetisch-neuropathischer Osteoarthropathie

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Die neurogene Osteoarthropathie zieht oft eine invalidisierende und konservativ nicht mehr beherrschbare Deformität des Fußes nach sich. Eine Operationsindikation ergibt sich bei rezidivierenden Ulzera, tiefen Infektionen und bei dekompensierter Statik mit progredienter Deformierung. Die Methode der externen Fixation steht dabei auf dem Prüfstand.Methodik 65 zwischen 1997 und 2003 operierte Füße mit Neuroarthropathie bei 21 Frauen und 43 Männern konnten retrospektiv untersucht werden. Bei 56 Patienten lag eine diabetische Polyneuropathie vor. Als Operationsmethode kam in 59 Fällen ein Fixateur externe zur Anwendung, 9-mal erfolgte die Fixation mit Steinmann-Nägeln. Die Nachbehandlung sah die Mobilisation in einer Unterschenkelorthese bis zu 1 Jahr Dauer vor.Ergebnisse Bei den Diabetikern betrug die durchschnittliche Erkrankungsdauer für Typ 1 24,8 und für Typ 2 13,7 Jahre. Alle Füße entsprachen dem Levin-Stadium 3 oder 4, hinsichtlich der Sanders-Klassifikation waren die Typen II bis V vertreten. In 5 Fällen sahen wir reine Luxationen, weitere 9-mal eine Kombination aus ligamentären und ossären Veränderungen. Operative Revisionen infolge von Komplikationen waren in 7 Fällen erforderlich, zum Teil mehrfach. Folgeoperationen im weiteren Krankheitsverlauf waren 13-mal erforderlich, in 6 Fällen wegen eines Korrekturverlustes. Durchschnittlich 752 Tage nach der Fußkorrektur führten 3 Nachamputationen bei 2 Patienten zu einer prothetischen Versorgung. Pin-Infekte und Wundheilungsstörungen waren häufig, aber konservativ beherrschbar und unabhängig von vorbestehenden Ulzerationen oder Infekten. Innerhalb des ersten Jahres nach der Operation kam es bei 13,9% der Füße zu einem Ulkus. Alle Patienten wurden mit Hilfsmitteln mobilisiert, 47 mit einer Unterschenkelorthese und 15 mit Maßschuhen.Schlussfolgerungen Die externe Fixation zur Stellungskorrektur bei Neuroarthropathie stellt ein geeignetes und variables Verfahren mit geringer Komplikationsrate dar. Es können floride wie auch zum Stillstand gekommene Osteoarthropathien behandelt werden. In der Regel wird eine fibröse Ankylose hergestellt, die eine schmerzfreie Mobilisation unter Vollbelastung erlaubt. In geeigneten Fällen—bei gutem Alignement des Fußes und guter Mitarbeit des Patienten—ist nach etwa 12-monatiger Tragedauer der Unterschenkelorthese eine Versorgung mit Maßschuhen möglich.