麦冬类中药组织切片计算机三维重建图鉴

利用计算机技术实现麦冬类中药组织连续切片三维重建与动态显示,为计算机辅助生药学鉴定和教学提供了新的三维图像技术和研究资料。     

Effects of dietary protein, fat and energy intake during an initiation phase study of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced breast cancer in rats

A factorial experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary protein (8, 16, 32% of energy from casein) and dietary fat (12, 24, 48% of energy from corn oil) on the initiation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast carcinogenesis in rats. Forty weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to each of nine diets fed ad libitum. After 4 wk each rat received DMBA (20 mg/kg) via gastric intubation. For an additional 22 wk after carcinogen administration all rats consumed a diet containing 16% of dietary energy from protein and 24% from fat. Dietary fat, protein and ad libitum energy consumption exhibited statistically significant effects on final tumor prevalence, but interactive effects were not found. At necropsy, rats fed corn oil at 12, 24 and 48% of energy prior to DMBA administration showed tumor prevalences of 58, 58 and 85% with 116, 153 and 231 total tumors, respectively. The data indicate a significant nonlinear effect of dietary fat. Corresponding numbers for rats fed casein at 8, 16 and 32% of energy prior to DMBA were prevalences of 79, 65 and 59%, with total tumor counts of 194, 144 and 162. Higher dietary protein during the initiation phase was associated with a significant reduction in tumor prevalence, which was most striking between 8 and 16% of energy from protein. In addition, results of multiple logistic regression showed that tumorigenesis was increased with greater ad libitum energy intake. The odds of a tumor at necropsy were multiplied by 1.19 for each kilocalorie increase in ad libitum energy intake averaged over the post-DMBA phase of the experiment. An additional six weanling rats fed each diet for 4 wk were killed for assay of hepatic carcinogen metabolizing enzymes at the time corresponding to DMBA administration in the initiation experiment. Both protein and fat showed independent effects on the activity of several enzymes. However, enzyme activity did not suggest a unifying mechanism whereby these nutrients influence DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis.     

Kinetics of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice fed diets of various fat contents

We previously reported lower mitogen-induced blastogenic and cytotoxic activity of splenocytes from C3H/OUJ female mice fed 20% soybean oil (SBO) in their diet compared to those fed 5% SBO. The present study examined the kinetics of cell-mediated cytotoxicity using the same animal model and dietary treatments. Kinetic parameters were determined by analyzing the lytic efficiency of splenocytes cultured for various times with several concentrations of radiolabeled P815 mastocytoma cells. The apparent avidity constant (K1/2) of the reaction was not changed by dietary SBO intake (1.0 +/- 0.2 x 10(5) cells for 20% SBO versus 1.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(5) cells for 5% SBO). However, the maximum velocity (Vmax) of the reaction for splenocytes from mice fed 20% SBO was significantly lower than that for splenocytes from mice fed 5% SBO (1.4 +/- 0.2 x 10(4) cells/h for 20% SBO versus 2.3 +/- 0.4 x 10(4) cells/h for 5% SBO, p less than 0.05). The evidence indicates that the rate of target cell lysis, but not the avidity of the lymphocytes for the target cell antigen, was altered by increasing dietary SBO concentration.     

Wheat bran and the induction of intestinal benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase by dietary benzo(a)pyrene

The mucosa of the intestine responds to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with the rapid induction of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase (BPH). Studies were conducted to determine if dietary fiber would reduce exposure of the intestine to dietary benzo(a)pyrene (BP) as indicated by intestinal BPH activity. In all studies, female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a fiber-free purified diet for 7 d, whereupon they were switched to experimental diets for 48 h. After 48 h their small intestinal mucosa was assayed for BPH activity. Diets for the initial study contained 0, 100, 400, 800, or 1200 mg BP/kg diet, each with and without 10% soft white wheat bran. Enzyme induction with 100 and 400 mg BP/kg diet was partially inhibited by bran, but with higher concentrations of BP there was no protective effect. The inhibition in BP-induced intestinal BPH activity was observed with 10% wheat bran but not with 3.3 or 6.6%. Subsequent studies showed no significant inhibition in BPH induction with cellulose or lignin, whereas all forms of wheat bran (hard red, soft white, or finely ground soft white) caused significant inhibition. In the final study, a diet containing charcoal-broiled beef, a known source of PAH, was compared with diets containing raw beef or soybean protein, each with and without 10% soft white wheat bran. BPH activity remained low with raw beef and soybean protein whether or not fiber was added. However, intestinal BPH activity was raised ninefold by charcoal-broiled beef. The addition of bran reduced BPH activity to 65% of that observed with the fiber-free, charcoal-broiled beef diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

THE IMPACT OF PRE-CLERKING CLINICS ON SURGICAL OPERATION CANCELLATIONS: A PROSPECTIVE AUDIT

Pre-clerking of all patients undergoing elective general surgical operations was introduced at our hospital in an attempt to reduce an unacceptably high operation cancellation rate. A prospective audit has been performed on the effect of this policy on the cancellation rate. Before the introduction of pre-clerking there was a marked seasonal variation in the number of patients who failed to attend for surgery, which could be explained by absence on holiday. This seasonal variation disappeared after the start of pre-clerking clinics, but there has been no reduction in the number of cancellations for medical reasons.     

Impact of clinical history on fracture detection with radiography

The effect of knowledge of localizing symptoms and signs in the detection of fractures was studied. Forty radiographs of the extremities were examined twice by seven radiologists; the sessions were separated by 4 months. In 26 cases, a subtle fracture was present; 14 cases were normal. In half of the cases at each session, the precise location of pain, tenderness, or swelling was provided. The observer was asked to determine if the case was normal or abnormal (provide the exact location of the fracture) and to indicate the degree of confidence in the diagnosis. Responses were converted to a numeric scale for analysis. Analysis of receiver operator characteristic parameters indicates that clues regarding location of trauma facilitate detection of fractures. The improvement is based largely on an increased true-positive rate without an increased false-positive rate, regardless of the decision criteria of the radiologist (overall willingness to "overread" or "underread"). This has direct clinical applicability and reinforces the plea of radiologists for precise clinical information.     

雷丸多糖的抗炎及免疫刺激作用

Lei Wan, Poliporus mylittae Cook et Mass(Omphalia lapidescena Scbraet) is a kind of fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine, as an antheiminthie From Lei Wan, an "active component designated as. S-4001 had been isolated.Preliminary results indicate that S-4001 belongs to D, β, 1-3 glucan with some 1-6 linkages.After administration of S-4001, significant antiinflammatory activity was found in various experimental animal models, including croton oil induced ear edema in mice and agar or yeast induced ankle swelling in rats. An inhibitory action on leucocyte migration inducced by intraperitoneal injection of CMC in rats was also observed. The plasma content of corticosterone was significantly increased, but the content of ascorbic acid in the adrenals did not change in rats given S-4001. Apart from these actions, S-4001 showed a number of immunostimulating actions such as increasing the clearance of Congo red from mice blood and potentiating the immunohemolysis reaction in 615 mice.     

Measuring maternal mortality: An overview of opportunities and options for developing countries

Background  

There is currently an unprecedented expressed need and demand for estimates of maternal mortality in developing countries. This has been stimulated in part by the creation of a Millennium Development Goal that will be judged partly on the basis of reductions in maternal mortality by 2015.