Linseed and cod liver oil induce rapid growth in a 7-year-old girl with N-3- fatty acid deficiency

N-3 fatty acid deficiency is described in a 7-year-old girl who had been fed solely by gastric tube from the age of 3 years. She had received the same nutrient during the last 22 months, supplying 16.2% of calories from linoleate and 0.07% from alpha-linolenate. She weighed 9.5 kg at the age of 3, and 10.3 kg at the start of the study, the weight being constant the last 15 months. She was now supplemented daily with 1.2 ml of a linseed- and cod liver-oil mixture (5:1, v/v), thereby increasing her alpha-linolenate intake to 0.71% and total N-3 fatty acids to 0.74% of total energy. Two months later, her rate of weight gain was 0.43 kg/month. After 5 months, the fatty acid supplement was changed to 7.5 ml of cod liver oil daily, thereby changing alpha-linolenate and total N-3 acid intake to 0.10% and 1.3% of total energy, respectively. Her rate of weight gain now increased to 0.64 kg/month, and her length increased from 117 to 122 cm in 5 months. The results indicate that the optimal dietary requirement for N-3 fatty acids in this child is higher than 0.74%, and extrapolation estimated the optimal requirement to be 1.1%-1.2% of total calories. The results suggest that N-3 fatty acids are required for normal growth in man.     

A simple method for determining metronidazole resistance of Helicobacter pylori.

The reliability of methods for determination of Helicobacter pylori resistance to metronidazole has been found to depend upon the incubation time. Because the disk diffusion method is more vulnerable than other methods to prolonged incubation, this method has not been recommended for H. pylori. However, because media designed for rapid growth of H. pylori have been introduced, the time has come to look at the clinical usefulness of this inexpensive and simple method again. The correlation of readings obtained with the E test (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) and Rosco's (Taastrup, Denmark) disk diffusion method for in vitro metronidazole resistance determination for H. pylori with a short incubation time (24 to 31 h) was studied. Plates which could not be read after 24 to 31 h were reincubated for another night. Fifty-seven consecutive clinical strains were tested. Because the rate of regrowth of H. pylori depends upon the age of the colonies inoculated, the reproducibility of resistance test results for young colonies versus old colonies was also studied. Resistance plates could be read after 24 to 31 h of incubation for 28 of 29 strains when the inoculum consisted of young colonies (3 to 4 days old). For these 29 strains, a high correlation (r = -0.937) was found between results obtained with the E test and those obtained with the disk diffusion test. A poorer correlation was found for old colonies (> or = 5 days old) (r = -0.742), which required a prolonged incubation for 8 of 23 strains. In conclusion, short incubation was successfully applied with young colonies. Results obtained with the simple and inexpensive disk diffusion method correlated well with those obtained with the E test.     

Locked intramedullary nailing of fractures of femur and tibia

The results of 194 consecutive interlocking nailings for 95 fractures in the tibia and 99 fractures in the femur with a median observation time of 22 months are presented. Three fractures were not consolidated radiologically at follow-up; three deep infections were recorded, all of which healed. Shortening > 1cm was recorded in 17 fractures, rotatory malalignment > 5 ° in 21, and angular malalignment > 5 ° occurred in 17. The end result was excellent in 121 fractures, good in 41, fair in 28, and poor in 4.     

Down's syndrome and the acquisition of phonology by Cantonese-speaking children

ABSTRACT. The phonological abilities of two groups of 4–9-year-old intellectually impaired Cantonese-speaking children are described. Children with Down's syndrome did not differ from matched non-Down's syndrome controls in terms of a lexical comprehension measure, the size of their phoneme repertoires, the range of sounds affected by articulatory imprecision, or the number of consonants, vowels or tones produced in error. However, the types of errors made by the Down's syndrome children were different from those made by the control subjects. Cantonese-speaking children with Downs syndrome, as compared with controls, made a greater number of inconsistent errors, were more likely to produce non-developmental errors and were better in imitation than in spontaneous production. Despite extensive differences between the phonological structures of Cantonese and English, children with Downs syndrome acquiring these languages show the same characteristic pattern of speech errors. One unexpected finding was that the control group of non-Down's syndrome children failed to present with delayed phonological development typically reported for their English-speaking counterparts. The argument made is that cross-linguistic studies of intellectually impaired children's language acquisition provide evidence concerning language-specific characteristics of impairment, as opposed to those characteristics that, remaining constant across languages, are an integral part of the disorder. The results reported here support the hypothesis that the speech disorder typically associated with Down's syndrome arises from impaired phonological planning, i.e. a cognitive linguistic deficit.     

Cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis and follow up of hepatobiliary injury

Cholescintigraphy is a simple and reliable way of detecting a liver injury accompanied by biliary leakage and is also well suited to assess the effectiveness of treatment and to follow recovery. To emphasize these points, a case report of a patient suffering from a severe injury to the liver is presented.     

The effects of three electrotherapeutic methods on blood velocities in human peripheral arteries

The blood velocities in peripheral arteries were measured by pulsed Doppler ultrasound before, during and after electrotherapy treatment. 43 experiments with "Diadynamic", "High Voltage" and "Interference" treatment were performed on 22 healthy subjects aged 21-65 years. This treatment did not lead to an increase in mean blood velocities in the arteries supplying the area concerned. The intensities of stimulation were below the threshold for inducing muscle contractions. As discomfort due to the sensation of the electrical stimulation arose, a transitory decrease in velocities occurred. Simultaneous measurements from corresponding arteries on the treated and untreated sides showed no difference in blood velocity variation pattern. It is thus likely that the transient vasoconstrictor effect related to treatment is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.     

Pregnancy and breast cancer: a population-based study

The incidence of pregnancy-associated breast cancer, i.e. during pregnancy and lactation, and of pregnancy subsequent to a breast-cancer diagnosis will increase as more women choose childbearing at a later age. Few larger series are published on pregnancy-associated breast cancer. In a population-based study, we evaluated the outcome and prognostic factors in 173 breast-cancer patients. One hundred and twenty-two patients had pregnancy-associated breast cancer (20 coincident with pregnancy and 102 during lactation) and 51 patients had pregnancy subsequent to breast cancer. The median follow-up time was 151 months. Histopathological parameters and immunoreactivity for oestrogen and progesterone receptors c-erbB-2 and c-erbB-4 were studied. All three groups had tumours with high histological grade, low frequency of hormone receptors and high expression of c-erbB-2. The pregnancy and lactation groups were near identical with regard to all histopathological parameters and outcome. In the two pregnancy-associated breast-cancer groups, tumours were significantly larger, with more extensive lymph-node involvement. For node-negative tumours the respective 5- and 10-year survival rates were 62% and 50% in the pregnancy group and 60% and 50% in the lactation group. For node-positive tumours, respective 5- and 10-year survival rates were 50% and 34% in the pregnancy group and 50% and 33% in the lactation group. In the subsequent group, overall survival was high in both node-negative and -positive groups, with 5- and 10-year survival rates of 80% and 73% and 86% and 76%, respectively. Tumour size, lymph-node status, histological grade, progesterone receptor, oestrogen receptor and c-erbB-2 were significant prognostic factors in the pregnancy-associated breast-cancer patients.     

Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by treatment with polyethylene glycol-conjugated type II collagen; distinct tolerogenic property of the conjugated collagen from the native one

Administration of a soluble protein into animals prior to challenge immunization induces immunological tolerance which is specific for the protein. In addition, chemical modification of proteins with polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been reported to convert the immunogenic proteins to become tolerogenic. However, differences in tolerogenic properties between PEG-modified proteins and the native counterparts have never been analysed. The ability of PEG-conjugated type II collagen (PEG-CII) to attenuate CIA, an animal model for rheumatoid arthritis, was compared with the native unconjugated CII. Groups of DBA/1 J mice were treated weekly with i.p. injections with PEG-CII, native CII, or vehicle alone for 3 weeks, before they were challenged with CII in adjuvants. The induction of tolerance was confirmed in both PEG-CII- and CII-pretreated mice when suppression of lymph node T cell proliferation in response to CII was noted. The degrees of suppression of T cell proliferation were comparable between the two pretreated groups. However, induction of arthritis and production of IgG anti-CII antibody were more markedly suppressed in PEG-CII-pretreated mice than in native CII-pretreated mice, although the severity of arthritis and antibody levels in the latter group were also lower than in control mice. IgG2a and IgG2b antibody levels were equally suppressed in the two pretreated groups, whereas the IgG1 level was significantly lower in the PEG-CII-pretreated group than in the native CII-pretreated group. The results provide the first evidence that attachment of PEG to CII renders the protein more tolerogenic.     

Anxiety,depression, and heart disease in women

This is an extension of previous research that has reported on psychosocial risk factors in women participants in the Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project (RCPP). The RCPP women (N = 83) were under 65 years of age, non-diabetic, non-smoking and had experienced a myocardial infarction (MI) at least 6 months prior to the study. Baseline data was available on 80 RCPP subjects. Seventy three non-smoking, coronary disease-free women participants in the Stanford-Sunnyvale Health Improvement Project (SSHIP) served as a control-comparison group. Women with coronary heart disease had higher serum cholesterol than controls. There were no case-control differences in marital status, occupation, or number of children. RCPP women had Videotaped Structured Interview (VSI) Type A scores comparable to those of the SSHIP women, but had significantly higher VSI-hostility scores (p < .01). In addition. the post-MI women were rated more anxious and depressed, and had more avoidance symptoms than controls ( p < .01). Additional analyses involved the 65 RCPP women located at 8.5-year follow-up. In these women, univariate predictors of coronary recurrence (N = 13) were body mass index (kg/m)2. Peel Index, low time urgency (VSI) and high anxiety ( p < .05). Employment status, marital status, and education were not associated with subsequent cardiac events. These exploratory analyses suggest that the relations between heart disease and hostility, anxiety, and depression in women deserve further investigation.