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Tadimeti S. Rao Karen D. Lariosa-Willingham Fen-Fen Lin Naichen Yu Chui-Se Tham Jerold Chun Michael Webb 《International journal of developmental neuroscience》2004,22(3):131-135
Reactive gliosis is an aspect of neural plasticity and growth factor (GF) stimulation of astrocytes in vitro is widely regarded as a model system to study astrocyte plasticity. Astrocytes express receptors for several ligands including lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), agonists for the G-protein-coupled lysophospholipid receptors (lpRs). Activation of lpRs by LPA or S1P leads to multiple pharmacological effects including the influx of calcium, phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, phosphorylation of extracellular receptor regulated kinase (ERK), release of arachidonic acid, and induces mitogenesis. Treatment of astrocytes in vitro with a growth factor cocktail (containing epidermal growth factor [EGF], basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF] and insulin) led to a marked attenuation of lpR-induced PI hydrolysis. In contrast, under identical conditions, GF treatment led to marked potentiation of PI hydrolysis downstream of activation of another abundantly expressed G-protein coupled receptor, mGluR5. Quantitative gene expression analysis of GF-treated or control astrocytes by TaqMan RT-PCR indicated that GF treatment did not change gene expression of lpa1 and s1p1, but increased gene expression of s1p5 which is expressed at very low levels in basal conditions. These results suggest that GF differentially affected PLC activation downstream of mGluR5 versus lpR activation and that the changes in mRNA levels of lpRs do not account for marked attenuation of agonist-induced phosphoinositide turnover. 相似文献
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PURPOSE: Research in the field of brain injury rehabilitation has tended to regard return to work as a measure of outcome. Researchers have not paid particular attention to the experiences of people living with a brain injury. The aim of the phenomenological study reported here was to identify and describe what characterizes the meaning of work to those with acquired brain injury. METHODS: Ten participants of working age were interviewed about the meaning of work 1-5 years after being inflicted with a brain injury. Data were analyzed and interpreted using the Empirical Phenomenological Psychological method. RESULTS: The findings revealed a meaning structure consisting of four main characteristics. Work was no longer experienced as the primary event in life and the social dimension had become more important. The perceived competence and work identity were threatened after the injury. A common theme across all interviews was the struggle to return to a state of normality, and working was considered to be evidence of success. CONCLUSION: The findings described the altered meaning of work 1-5 years after brain injury. This knowledge should lead to an increased understanding among occupational therapists engaged in work rehabilitation after brain injury and can serve as a basis for individualized intervention strategies. 相似文献
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The levels of insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2) and somatomedin B in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated in alcoholic patients for 4 weeks after alcohol intake stopped. Throughout the observation period, CSF levels of IGF-2 were significantly decreased compared to those of healthy controls, whereas CSF levels of somatomedin B increased significantly 8 days after alcohol withdrawal and remained elevated throughout the observation period. CSF levels of IGF-2 were significantly correlated to measurements of ventricular enlargement on computed tomography. Somatomedin B levels were significantly correlated to clinical variables such as pulse, temperature, and agitation. No increase in the serum levels of somatomedin B were observed, but an increase in serum IGF levels was found in the patient group. 相似文献
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Grant R. Caddy MD MRCP Consultant Gastroenterologist Tony C.K. Tham MD FRCP Consultant Gastroenterologist 《Best Practice & Research: Clinical Gastroenterology》2006,20(6):1085
Symptomatic BDS commonly cause significant morbidity and attempt at stone removal should be attempted if possible. Complications of CBDS include biliary colic, jaundice, cholangitis and pancreatitis. Investigations aimed to predict the presence of stones within the bile duct include serum bilirubin, AST, ALP, common bile duct diameter and age as independent predictors of choledocholithiasis. TUS is a sensitive test in detecting bile duct dilatation but the sensitivity is reduced in its ability to detect choledocholithiasis. A NIH consensus statement found that ERC, MRC and EUS were comparable in their sensitivities, specificities and accuracy rates for detection of choledocholithiasis. ERC and stone removal using a balloon or basket is often performed following EST. EBD may be performed if patients have uncorrected coagulopathies but the risk of pancreatitis is higher than for EST (although the risk of bleeding complications is lower for EBD). ML is often required in difficult to remove CBDS and using this device, CBDS can be removed in 90–95% of cases. Other forms of lithotripsy including laser lithotripsy and EHL are confined to specialised centres and the evidence for their use is based on small studies. ESWL may clear stones from the bile duct in up to 93% of patients but frequently ERC and stone fragment removal is required post ESWL. The role of medical therapy in difficult to remove CBDS (or in CBDS in patients with severe co-morbid illness preventing ERC + stone removal) is still currently uncertain due to a lack of large randomised control trials. 相似文献
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Peter Appelros Gunnel M Karlsson Annika Thorwalls Kerstin Tham Ingegerd Nydevik 《Journal of rehabilitation medicine》2004,36(6):258-261
OBJECTIVE: The Baking Tray Task is a comprehensible, simple-to-perform test for use in assessing unilateral neglect. The aim of this study was to validate further its use with stroke patients. METHODS: The Baking Tray Task was compared with 2 versions of the Behaviour Inattention Test and a test for personal neglect. A total of 270 patients were subjected to a 3-item version of the Behaviour Inattention Test and 40 patients were subjected to an 8-item version of the Behaviour Inattention Test, besides the Baking Tray Task and the personal neglect test. RESULTS: The Baking Tray Task was more sensitive than the 3-item Behaviour Inattention Test, but the 8-item Behaviour Inattention Test was more sensitive than the Baking Tray Task. The best combination of any 3 tests was Baking Tray Task, Reading an article, and Figure copying; the 2 last-mentioned being a part of the 8-item Behaviour Inattention Test. CONCLUSION: Multi-item tests detect more cases of neglect than do single tests. However, it is tiresome for the patient to undergo a larger test battery than necessary. It is also time-consuming for the staff. Behavioural tests seem more appropriate when assessing neglect. The Baking Tray Task seems to be one of the most sensitive single tests, but its sensitivity can be further enhanced when it is used in combination with other tests. 相似文献
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A double-blinded study was conducted to compare the effects of mupirocin and tetracycline ointments in the treatment of skin infections. 111 patients were available for clinical assessment, of which 53 were treated with mupirocin and 58 treated with tetracycline. Clinically, both groups were improved, and there was no significant difference. Bacteriological assessment however revealed a better response to mupirocin. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes were the most common organisms isolated. 99% of Staphylococci were sensitive to mupirocin compared with 61% to tetracycline and 29% to penicillin G. 57% of Group A beta haemolytic Streptococci were resistant to tetracycline compared to 14% to mupirocin. Gram-negative organisms were mostly resistant to both preparations. No side effects were observed in both treatment groups. This study suggests that mupirocin is a safe and effective topical preparation for treating most of our common skin infections. 相似文献