全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1408篇 |
免费 | 42篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 26篇 |
儿科学 | 58篇 |
妇产科学 | 51篇 |
基础医学 | 180篇 |
口腔科学 | 44篇 |
临床医学 | 94篇 |
内科学 | 215篇 |
皮肤病学 | 56篇 |
神经病学 | 174篇 |
特种医学 | 48篇 |
外科学 | 168篇 |
综合类 | 7篇 |
预防医学 | 86篇 |
眼科学 | 31篇 |
药学 | 132篇 |
肿瘤学 | 83篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 2篇 |
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 10篇 |
2020年 | 8篇 |
2019年 | 26篇 |
2018年 | 15篇 |
2017年 | 14篇 |
2016年 | 19篇 |
2015年 | 18篇 |
2014年 | 31篇 |
2013年 | 69篇 |
2012年 | 77篇 |
2011年 | 88篇 |
2010年 | 54篇 |
2009年 | 43篇 |
2008年 | 86篇 |
2007年 | 87篇 |
2006年 | 100篇 |
2005年 | 97篇 |
2004年 | 114篇 |
2003年 | 87篇 |
2002年 | 106篇 |
2001年 | 22篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 15篇 |
1998年 | 22篇 |
1997年 | 18篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 17篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 14篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 24篇 |
1990年 | 15篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1963年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有1453条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
2.
Risto Nikku Yrj N Nietosvaara Pentti E. Kallio Kari Aalto Jarl-Erik Michelsson 《Acta orthopaedica》1997,68(5):419-423
To assess whether initial surgery is beneficial for patients with primary dislocation of the patella, we carried out a prospective randomized study. Knee stability was examined under anesthesia, and associated injuries were excluded by diagnostic arthroscopy. 55 patients then had closed treatment and 70 patients were operated on with individually adjusted proximal realignment procedures.
Surgery gave no benefit based on 2 years of follow-up. The subjective result was better in the non-operative group in respect of mean Houghston VAS knee score (closed 90, operative 87), but similar in terms of the patient's own overall opinion and mean Lysholm II knee score. Recurrent instability episodes (redislocation or recurrent subluxation) occurred in 20 nonoperated and in 18 operated patients. Of these, 15 and 12, respectively, then suffered redislo-cations. Function was better after closed treatment. Serious complications occurred after surgery in 4 patients.
In conclusion, the recurrence of patellar dislocation may be more frequent than reported, whatever the form of treatment. Routine operative management cannot be recommended for primary dislocation of the patella. 相似文献
Surgery gave no benefit based on 2 years of follow-up. The subjective result was better in the non-operative group in respect of mean Houghston VAS knee score (closed 90, operative 87), but similar in terms of the patient's own overall opinion and mean Lysholm II knee score. Recurrent instability episodes (redislocation or recurrent subluxation) occurred in 20 nonoperated and in 18 operated patients. Of these, 15 and 12, respectively, then suffered redislo-cations. Function was better after closed treatment. Serious complications occurred after surgery in 4 patients.
In conclusion, the recurrence of patellar dislocation may be more frequent than reported, whatever the form of treatment. Routine operative management cannot be recommended for primary dislocation of the patella. 相似文献
3.
Patch testing was carried out in 851 atopic patients; 181 atopic dermatitis (AD) patients were additionally tested with 50% dilutions of the test substances. The occurrence of allergic and irritant reactions was frequent, being 57% and 33% for AD patients aged 28-41 years and 19-27 years, respectively. Among age-matched allergic rhinitis (AR)/allergic conjunctivitis (AC) or asthma (A) patients, the number of allergic reactions varied from 25 to 30%, and for irritant reactions was 24%. In all groups, nickel, fragrance-mix, balsam of Peru and neomycin were the commonest allergens. Contact allergy to ingredients of topical medicaments was common among AD patients and patients with severe and long-lasting dermatitis were most frequently sensitized. However, sensitivity to multiple substances was not common among those patients. The number of irritant reactions was considerable, but 50% dilution of the test substances did not solve the problem. 相似文献
4.
Depression-executive dysfunction syndrome in stroke patients. 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Risto Vataja Tarja Pohjasvaara Riitta M?ntyl? Raija Ylikoski Maarit Leskel? Hely Kalska Marja Hietanen Hannu Juhani Aronen Oili Salonen Markku Kaste Antero Lepp?vuori Timo Erkinjuntti 《The American journal of geriatric psychiatry》2005,13(2):99-107
OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that executive dysfunction could be the core defect in patients with geriatric or vascular depression, and that this depression-dysexecutive syndrome (DES) might be related to frontal-subcortical circuit dysfunction. The authors tested this hypothesis in 158 poststroke patients, of whom 21 had both depression and executive dysfunction. Methods: In this cross-sectional cohort study, a neurological, psychiatric, and neuropsychological examination was carried out 3 months after ischemic stroke, and brain infarcts, white-matter changes, and brain atrophy were recorded by MRI. RESULTS: The 21 patients with DES had significantly more brain infarcts affecting their frontal-subcortical circuit structures than the 137 patients without DES, or the 41 patients with depression but without executive dysfunction. Patients with DES also had more severe depressive symptoms and worse psychosocial functioning, and they coped less well in complex activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS: DES is a valid concept and may define a subgroup of poststroke patients with frontal-subcortical pathology and with distinct prognosis and treatment options. 相似文献
5.
A 5-year retrospective analysis of employer-provided dental care for Finnish male industrial workers
Jari Ahlberg Risto Tuominen Heikki Murtomaa 《Community dentistry and oral epidemiology》1997,25(6):419-422
Abstract The treatment-mix, treatment time, and dental status of 268 male industrial workers entitled to employer-provided dental care were studied. The data were collected from treatment records of the covered workers over the 5-year period 1989-93. Treatment time was based on clinical treatment time recorded per patient visit, and the treatment procedure codes were reclassified into a treatment-mix according to American Dental Association categories, with a modification combining endodontics and restorative treatment. The mean number of check-ups followed by prescribed treatment (treatment courses) during the 5 years was 3.7 among those who had entered the in-house dental care program prior to the monitored period (old attenders). Their treatment time was stable, 57–63 min per year, while the first-year mean treatment time (170 min) of those who had entered the program during the study period (new attenders) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the 5-year mean of the old attenders (61 min). Over the first 2 years, the treatment-mix of the new attenders showed a rise in diagnostic and preventive procedures from one-third to about one-half of all procedures, as it was for the old attenders. The new attenders' mean number of carious teeth (2.7), registered at the initial check-up visit, paralleled the mean recently demonstrated in the similar non-covered population. It was significantly higher than the 5-year mean of the old attenders (0.5) (P<0.001), but declined to the same level after the first year of treatment. It was concluded that the studied program seemed to contribute to a stabilization of treatment-mix, and to the establishment of a shorter annual treatment time within the first 2 years of treatment. 相似文献
6.
The detection of a change in a face stimulus was studied in an oddball paradigm. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and MEG responses to face stimuli were recorded in four conditions: 1) happy standard, neutral deviant; 2) neutral standard, neutral deviant; 3) inverted happy standard, inverted neutral deviant; 4) inverted neutral standard, inverted neutral deviant. In all conditions, the target was a face with glasses. Neutral deviants elicited a negative deflection (with a maximum around 280 ms) in ERP and MEG responses, an effect similar to auditory mismatch negativity. Face inversion diminished deviance-related negativity, implying an important role of face recognition in the observed effect. Emotional content and larger physical differences between stimuli in conditions 1 and 3 compared to conditions 2 and 4 did not show statistically significant effect on the neutral-deviant-related negativity. 相似文献
7.
Neurophysiological brain activity evoked by individual spoken words and pseudowords was recorded and the mismatch negativity (MMN), an automatic index of experience-dependent auditory memory traces, was calculated. Consistent with earlier reported results, the MMN response to word-final syllables was enhanced compared with that elicited by the same syllables placed in a pseudoword context. Here we now demonstrate that the enhancement of the MMN elicited by two individual words showed different scalp topographies. The early word-specific brain activity is consistent with the assumption that the memory traces activated by individual words are carried by large neuronal ensembles that differ in their distributions over the cortex. Current source estimates localized the between-word differences in the right hemisphere and in parieto-occipital left-hemispheric areas. The differential brain responses to individual words appeared as early as ∼100 ms after the recognition points of the words, suggesting that their specific memory traces become active almost immediately after the information in the acoustic input is sufficient for word identification. 相似文献
8.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (KDR/Flk-1) in ischemic skeletal muscle and its regeneration 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11 下载免费PDF全文
Rissanen TT Vajanto I Hiltunen MO Rutanen J Kettunen MI Niemi M Leppänen P Turunen MP Markkanen JE Arve K Alhava E Kauppinen RA Ylä-Herttuala S 《The American journal of pathology》2002,160(4):1393-1403
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a hypoxia-inducible endothelial cell mitogen and survival factor. Its receptor VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1) mediates these effects. We studied the expression of VEGF and VEGFR-2 in ischemic human and rabbit skeletal muscle by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Human samples were obtained from eight lower limb amputations because of acute or chronic critical ischemia. In chronically ischemic human skeletal muscle VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression was restricted to atrophic and regenerating skeletal myocytes, whereas in acutely ischemic limbs VEGF and VEGFR-2 were expressed diffusely in the affected muscle. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha was associated with VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression both in acute and chronic ischemia but not in regeneration. Hindlimb ischemia was induced in 20 New Zealand White rabbits by excising the femoral artery. Magnetic resonance imaging and histological sections revealed extensive ischemic damage in the thigh and leg muscles of ischemic rabbit hindlimbs with VEGF expression similar to acute human lower limb ischemia. After 1 and 3 weeks of ischemia VEGF expression was restricted to regenerating myotubes and by 6 weeks regeneration and expression of VEGF was diminished. VEGFR-2 expression was co-localized with VEGF expression in regenerating myotubes. Macrophages and an increased number of capillaries were associated with areas of ischemic muscle expressing VEGF and VEGFR-2. In conclusion, two patterns of VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression in human and rabbit ischemic skeletal muscle are demonstrated. In acute skeletal muscle ischemia VEGF and VEGFR-2 are expressed diffusely in the affected muscle. In chronic skeletal muscle ischemia and in skeletal muscle recovering from ischemia VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression are restricted to atrophic and regenerating muscle cells suggesting the operation of an autocrine pathway that may promote survival and regeneration of myocytes. 相似文献
9.
Sanna Toppila Jouni Lauronen Pirkko Mattila Juha Pekka Turunen Leena Penttil Timo Paavonen Ossi Renkonen Risto Renkonen 《European journal of immunology》1997,27(6):1360-1365
Lymphocyte homing is initiated by their tethering to and rolling on the high endothelium and is followed by extravasation into the lymph nodes. We show here that glycosylated cell adhesion molecule-1 (GlyCAM-1), CD34, and sialyl Lewis x (sLex) are present on rat lymph node high endothelium analyzed by using monoclonal antibodies. α(1,3)fucosyltransferase VII (Fuc-TVII), the last enzyme involved in the synthesis of the sLex sequence is also expressed on the rat lymph node high endothelium. We have synthesized a family of sLex-decorated oligosaccharide structures and used them to inhibit lymphocyte binding to high endothelium in the Stamper-Woodruff assay. Monovalent sLex, branched di- and tetravalent sLex, as well as a linear tetravalent sLex significantly reduce lymphocyte binding to endothelium. The branched and linear forms of tetravalent sLex were clearly superior inhibitors of the L-selectin-dependent lymphocyte adhesion, with IC50 values in low nanomolar range. In contrast, the fucose-free analogs having the same charge and approximately the same size as the corresponding sLex glycans had no effect on lymphocyte binding and served as negative controls. Taken together, these data show the crucial importance of sLex in the endothelial ligands for L-selectin. Furthermore, we suggest that L-selectin acts as an oligomer on the lymphocyte surface as it binds multivalent sLex glycans. 相似文献
10.
P Riekkinen J Sirvi? P J?k?l? M Riekkinen R Lammintausta P Riekkinen 《Physiology & behavior》1991,50(5):955-959
The present study investigates the effects of alpha 2-drugs and pilocarpine on the neocortical high-voltage spindle (HVS) activity in young and aged control and DSP4-lesioned rats. DSP4 partially decreased cortical and thalamic noradrenaline levels, but had no effect on HVS activity. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist guanfacine (0.004, 0.02, 0.1 mg/kg) increased HVS activity in young and aged control and DSP4-lesioned rats. Guanfacine produced a significantly smaller increase in HVS activity in aged rats. A combination of pilocarpine (3 mg/kg), a muscarinic agonist, and atipamezole (1 mg/kg), an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, suppressed HVS activity more effectively than either of the drugs alone in young or aged control and DSP4-lesioned rats. The present results demonstrate that 1) the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist and muscarinic agonist interact in suppressing HVSs in noradrenergically lesioned young and aged rats; 2) alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists produce a greater increase in HVS activity in young than aged rats; and 3) partial noradrenergic lesions do not affect the HVS-modulating effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor active drugs in young or aged rats. 相似文献