Tuberculous infection among children continues to be a significant cause of morbidity. The symptom complex are so variable
among children that the final diagnosis often rests on the laboratory tests. Proper interpretation of the tests, specially
tuberculin test and radiographic studies, are necessary for establishing correct diagnosis. The usefulness of tuberculin test
in both unimmunized and BCG vaccinated children is highlighted. BCG accelerated response as a test should be reserved for
identifying serious form of pulmonary disease or CNS tuberculosis when the tuberculin test is negative. Radiographic assessment
may be sensitive in some instances but not always specific and hence needs cautious interpretation. Tuberculosis among BCG
vaccinated children though not uncommon, needs proper documentation. Current trends in the management of tuberculosis including
CNS forms are briefly outlined. 相似文献
Lymphoid and haemopoietic malignancies as a group constitute one of the important cancers in India, as elsewhere in the world. While information on incidence and mortality of these cancers, and that on survival, are available from most developed countries, there are very few reports describing this experience in developing ones. Population-based cancer registration commenced in Bangalore, India, in January 1982, under the auspices of the Indian Council of Medical Research. This source provides fairly complete and reliable incidence data, but, in order to obtain mortality and survival information, active follow-up involving visits of homes of patients was undertaken. Between 1982 and 1989, 1397 cases of lymphoid and haemopoietic malignancies were registered in the Bangalore cancer registry, giving an age-adjusted incidence rate of 7.7 and 4.8 per 100,000 in males and females respectively. Active follow-up provided mortality/survival information in 1267 or 90.7% of these cases. The overall observed 5-year survival for these cancers combined (both sexes) was 26%, and relative survival 28.4%. The 5-year survival rate was lower in all the individual lymphomas and leukaemias as compared with similar reports from the developed countries. Survival in Hodgkin's disease was influenced by clinical stage and age at presentation. 相似文献
Many of the biological and pathological effects of nitric oxide (NO) are mediated through cell signaling pathways that are initiated by NO reacting with metalloproteins. More recently, it has been recognized that the reaction of NO with free radicals such as superoxide and the lipid peroxyl radical also has the potential to modulate redox signaling. Although it is clear that NO can exert both cytotoxic and cytoprotective actions, the focus of this overview are those reactions that could lead to protection of the cell against oxidative stress in the vasculature. This will include the induction of antioxidant defenses such as glutathione, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in response to blood flow, and modulation of mitochondrial function and its impact on apoptosis. Models are presented that show the increased synthesis of glutathione in response to shear stress and inhibition of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. It appears that in the vasculature NO-dependent signaling pathways are of three types: (i) those involving NO itself, leading to modulation of mitochondrial respiration and soluble guanylate cyclase; (ii) those that involve S-nitrosation, including inhibition of caspases; and (iii) autocrine signaling that involves the intracellular formation of peroxynitrite and the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases. Taken together, NO plays a major role in the modulation of redox cell signaling through a number of distinct pathways in a cellular setting. 相似文献
STUDY OBJECTIVES: The results of small studies have suggested that a nasal-cannula pressure transducer has a higher sensitivity than a thermistor in detecting hypopneas and diagnosing sleep-disordered breathing in both adults and children. We compared a thermistor alone, and in conjunction with a pressure transducer, for detection of sleep-disordered breathing in children during in-home polysomnography. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a subsample of a prospective cohort study. SETTING: Students attending elementary school in the Tucson Unified School District. PARTICIPANTS: A subsample of the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea study population. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Polysomnographic recordings of 40 children (24 girls and 16 boys, mean age 9.2 +/- 1.7 years; range 6-11 years) were analyzed to compare the detection of sleep-disordered breathing events by 2 different methods of measuring airflow: thermistor alone and thermistor with nasal-cannula pressure transducer (transducer) used simultaneously. The transducer detected all the respiratory events detected by the thermistor, but the thermistor detected only 84% of the transducer-defined events. Consequently, the transducer-derived mean respiratory disturbance index was higher than that detected by the thermistor (7.0 +/- 3.8 vs 5.9 +/- 3.4, P < .001). The bias error between transducer respiratory disturbance index and thermistor respiratory disturbance index on a Bland-Altman plot was 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 0.8 - 1.4). There was good agreement between the thermistor and the transducer for making the diagnosis of sleep apnea using a cutoff of a respiratory disturbance index greater than 5 (kappa = 0.69). The quality of the tracings with the transducer was comparable to that of the thermistor, but the transducer dislodged more frequently. CONCLUSION: The use of a nasal transducer in conjunction with a thermistor was more sensitive than the thermistor alone in detecting sleep-disordered breathing in children during unattended polysomnography. 相似文献
The O6-alkylation of guanine residues in DNA treated with alkylatingagents induce mutations due to mis-pairing resulting from thedeprotonation of N1. In addition to the deprotonation of N1,the conformation of the O6-alkyl group with respect to N7 ofguanine is very important. Here, we present X-ray crystallographicevidence that shows that the methyl group in O6-methylguanosinehas a preference for the distal conformation, blocking the Watson-Cricksites. This distal conformation persists in the solid statefor several analogs of O6-alkylguanosine also. This preferredconformation agrees with the result that poly(O6-methyl GMP)does not form any stable complex with poly(U). However, themispairing of O6-methylguanine with thymine and the resultantGA transition is known from in vitro studies. The above twoopposite results strongly indicate that the conformation ofthe O6-alkyl group and the base pairing properties of O6-alkylguanineat the monomer and polymer levels must be different from thesituation when the modified base is embedded with a small frequencyin a duplex. It is interesting to note that the sterical blockingof the Watson-Crick site at the monomer level and the alteredbase pairing properties when present as occasional bases ina duplex emerge as a common property for several mutagenic baseslike O6-alkylguanmes, O4 -methyluracil and N4-hydroxycytosine. 相似文献
Treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) induces complete remission in many acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. However, plasma drug levels progressively decrease following prolonged treatment with oral ATRA. This decrease is due, at least in part, to the induced cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism of ATRA. To investigate if incorporation of ATRA in liposomes could alter its metabolism, we compared the cellular metabolism of liposomal-ATRA (L-ATRA) with free drug. Microsomes isolated from the rat liver metabolized L-ATRA to a significantly lower extent than they did free-ATRA. Similarly, in F9 cells, L-ATRA was metabolized at a slower rate than the free drug. These results suggest that L-ATRA may have important clinical implications in terms of slowing down the rate of ATRA metabolism and producing long-term remission in APL patients. 相似文献
Objective: To determine whether anionic ligands for the macrophage scavenger receptor inhibit the fertilization of mouse oocytes by mouse spermatozoa.
Design: In vitro study of sperm binding and two-cell embryo formation in the presence of scavenger receptor ligands. Sperm-oocyte interaction may be mediated by sulfated sugars. In this study, we tested other nonsulfated anionic ligands for the scavenger receptor for their ability to affect fertilization. The only common feature of these ligands is their anionic nature.
Setting: Oocytes and sperm from mice were used.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Binding of sperm to oocytes and subsequent formation of two cell embryos were determined.
Result(s): Fucoidin, polyinosinic acid, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, acetyl low-density lipoprotein, and malondialdehyde-modified LDL inhibited the binding and fertilization of mouse sperm to mouse oocytes. Addition of fresh sperm to oocytes previously treated with sperm in the presence of these agents restored the binding and fertilization.
Conclusion(s): These results show that charge-based interactions analogous to the interactions of the scavenger receptor with its ligands may play an important role in mammalian fertilization. 相似文献