Short History of Interventional Neuroradiology What about the Future？

1 Short historical background of interventional neuroradiology Even if a number of us were among the pioneers of Interventional Neuroradiology, this specialty has now reached its period of maturity. Schematically, the era of the pioneers began forty years ago and lasted about 15 years, between 1960 and 1975. During that period, on the initiative of Fedor Serbinenko （Russia） and Ren6 Djindjian （France）, ＂intracerebral navigation ＂ using small balloons, which became gradually ＂detachable＂, has been invented. At the same time, we discovered how to use these balloons to occlude intracranial vascular lesions, inaccessible or hardly accessible to traditional open skull neurosurgery, for example, carotid cavernous fistulas. Very rapidly, a lot of different embolic particles were successively tested, ranging at first from pieces of muscle, to small glass or silastic beads, gelfoam and dura mater pieces... During this period, parallel progress of hyperselective catheterization and consequently of microangiography allowed to establish new classifications of main vascular pathologies （distinction between brain arteriovenous malformations and dural fistulas ... ）. These new classifications allowed a better understanding of physiopathology. This first period was thus primarily devoted to development of very precise diagnosis and techniques of hyperselective endovascular occlusion.     

Cutaneous afferent activity in the median nerve during grasping in the primate

Neural activity was recorded from the median nerve of a monkey during grasping and lifting, using a chronically implanted cuff electrode. At the onset of lifting, there was an initial dynamic response during which the intensity of the neural signal increased rapidly. This neural response attained its peak value well before the displacement, the load force or the grip force. The time course and peak of the rectified, integrated neurogram were best correlated with the rate of change of grip force. The neural activity declined exponentially to a steady value following the initial peak. During steady holding the mean amplitude of the neurogram was best correlated with the mean grip force. At the end of the holding phase there was a short burst of neural activity as the monkey relaxed the grip force and released the object. During some blocks of trials pulse perturbations were applied to the object. When the monkey did not increase the grip force in advance of the perturbation, the perturbation produced a relatively large displacement of the object and a burst of neural activity whose onset coincided with the onset of displacement. When the monkey anticipated the perturbation by increasing the grip force during the holding period preceding the perturbation, the perturbation produced a relatively small displacement and relatively little increase in neural activity.     

The cost-effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis with Maloprim administered by primary health care workers in preventing death from malaria amongst rural Gambian children aged less than five years old.

In recent trials in The Gambia, mass chemoprophylaxis with Maloprim administered over several years by primary health care workers to children aged 3-59 months has reduced both mortality and morbidity without inducing impairment of natural immunity or significant development of drug resistance. Taking expenditure of both time and money, by both public authorities and village volunteers, into account, the costs and the cost effectiveness of such mass chemoprophylaxis are estimated here. The cost per child protected per season was (1990 US) $2.84; the cost per childhood death averted was $143. Both costs compare favourably with those of permethrin bed net impregnation. So in some circumstances where malaria is holoendemic, control of childhood malaria by chemoprophylaxis may be more economically efficient than provision of impregnated bed nets.     

Manifestation pseudo-tumorale d’une métallose sur prothèse de hanche –à propos d’un cas

Summary. A pseudo-tumour due to metallosis is described in association with an iso-elastic hip replacement. This is a relatively rare lesion which may be difficult to diagnose. Scintigraphy and radiography may be helpful in distinguishing the lesion from a primary or secondary neoplasm, but the presence of osteolysis adjacent to the prosthesis will suggest the true nature of the lesion.

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Résumé. Les auteurs rapportent un cas de manifestation pseudo-tumorale d’une métallose sur prothèse de hanche de type iso-élastique. Il s’agit d’une lésion relativement rare qui peut parfois avoir un aspect inquiétant. Elle nécessite un bilan radiologique et scintigraphique pour éliminer une tumeur primitive ou secondaire, mais le diagnostic est facilement évoqué devant une ostéolyse au contact de la prothèse. Nous décrirons notre démarche diagnostique et thérapeutique dans ce cas.

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Accepted: 29 February 1996     

Scintigraphic aspect of Rotor's disease with technetium-99m-mebrofenin.

A 28-yr-old male with Rotor's disease was studied with 99mTc-mebrofenin. The scintigraphic pattern was that of a slow liver uptake with unimpaired excretion and persistent visualization of the cardiac blood pool, kidneys and urinary tract up to 6 hr. The gallbladder was visualized at 55 min postinjection.     

GGA1 acts as a spatial switch altering amyloid precursor protein trafficking and processing

The beta-amyloid (Abeta) precursor protein (APP) is cleaved sequentially by beta-site of APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE) and gamma-secretase to release the Abeta peptides that accumulate in plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). GGA1, a member of the Golgi-localized gamma-ear-containing ARF-binding (GGA) protein family, interacts with BACE and influences its subcellular distribution. We now report that overexpression of GGA1 in cells increased the APP C-terminal fragment resulting from beta-cleavage but surprisingly reduced Abeta. GGA1 confined APP to the Golgi, in which fluorescence resonance energy transfer analyses suggest that the proteins come into close proximity. GGA1 blunted only APP but not notch intracellular domain release. These results suggest that GGA1 prevented APP beta-cleavage products from becoming substrates for gamma-secretase. Direct binding of GGA1 to BACE was not required for these effects, but the integrity of the GAT (GGA1 and TOM) domain of GGA1 was. GGA1 may act as a specific spatial switch influencing APP trafficking and processing, so that APP-GGA1 interactions may have pathophysiological relevance in AD.