Little is known about dementia incidence in diverse populations of oldest-old, the age group with highest dementia incidence.
Methods
Incident dementia diagnoses from 1/1/2010 to 9/30/2015 were abstracted from medical records for 2350 members of an integrated health care system in California (n = 1702 whites, n = 375 blacks, n = 105 Latinos, n = 168 Asians) aged ≥90 in 2010. We estimated race/ethnicity-specific age-adjusted dementia incidence rates and implemented Cox proportional hazards models and Fine and Gray competing risk of death models adjusted for demographics and comorbidities in midlife and late-life.
Results
Dementia incidence rates (n = 771 cases) were lowest among Asians (89.9/1000 person-years), followed by whites (96.9/1000 person-years), Latinos (105.8/1000 person-years), and blacks (121.5/1000 person-years). Cox regression and competing risk models estimated 28% and 36% higher dementia risk for blacks versus whites adjusting for demographics and comorbidities.
Discussion
Patterns of racial/ethnic disparities in dementia seen in younger older adults continue after the age of 90 years, though smaller in magnitude. 相似文献
Objective: Depression afflicts 14% of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Depression is a robust risk factor for dementia but it is unknown if this holds true for individuals with T1D, who recently started living to an age conferring dementia risk. We examined if depression is a dementia risk factor among elderly individuals with T1D.
Methods: 3,742 individuals with T1D age ≥50 were followed for dementia from 1/1/96-9/30/2015. Depression, dementia, and comorbidities were abstracted from electronic medical records. Cox proportional hazard models estimated the association between depression and dementia adjusting for demographics, glycosylated hemoglobin, severe dysglycemic epidsodes, stroke, heart disease, nephropathy, and end stage renal disease. The cumulative incidence of dementia by depression was estimated conditional on survival dementia-free to age 55.
Results: Five percent (N = 182) were diagnosed with dementia and 20% had baseline depression. Depression was associated with a 72% increase in dementia (fully adjusted HR = 1.72; 95% CI:1.12-2.65). The 25-year cumulative incidence of dementia was more than double for those with versus without depression (27% vs. 12%).
Conclusions: For people with T1D, depression significantly increases dementia risk. Given the pervasiveness of depression in T1D, this has major implications for successful aging in this population recently living to old age. 相似文献
OBJECTIVE: The study aims to verify whether phonologic and rapid automatized naming (RAN) deficits are present and associated in Italian dyslexic children and whether they differentially affect dyslexics with and without a history of previous language delay (LD). BACKGROUND: According to the phonologic core deficit hypothesis, dyslexia may stem from impairment of the representation and manipulation of phonemes and may be closely associated with oral language deficits. However, deficits in tasks not requiring fine-grained phonologic representations, such as RAN, have also been described in dyslexic children. METHODS: Thirty-seven children were selected on the basis of a reading deficit and were assigned to 2 groups according to whether or not they had a history of early LD as determined retrospectively by parental report. A battery of reading and writing, verbal working memory, metaphonologic, RAN, and visual search tests were administered. RESULTS: RAN deficits were shared by most dyslexics (with and without a history of LD), whereas phonologic deficits were mainly associated with a previous LD. This last condition did not result in a more profound impairment of reading and writing decoding skills. CONCLUSION: In a shallow orthography such as Italian, RAN, not phonologic deficits, may represent the main cognitive marker of developmental dyslexia. 相似文献
Human adult endothelial cells were enzymatically harvested from adipose tissue. Cell viability was established by Trypan blue exclusion and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Endothelial cells were identified by immunocytochemical investigation at light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Isolated cells were positive for actin and vimentin, negative for desmin. Factor VIII RA was mainly expressed at cell surface and occasionally disclosed in the cytoplasm. Reactivity for UEA I and J15 was weak or undetectable. Human endothelial cells were seeded and left to adhere for one hour onto different nonvascular substrates (glass, poly-l-lysine, formvar-carbon, fibronectin, Teflon). Scanning electron microscopy defined surface features, suggesting tenacious cell adhesion on the substrate. Different vascular substrates were tested (preclotted Dacron, albumin Dacron, Hemashield Dacron, Gelseal Dacron, ePTFE, fibronectin-ePTFE). Commercially available coated grafts showed qualitative and quantitative differences in cell adhesion. In particular, Gelseal Dacron provided the best quantitative results, even though a wide variability was observed. In contrast, fibronectin-coated ePTFE gave more reliable results and high spreading efficiency. In the short term, coated grafts do not seem to offer greater advantages than fibronectin-coated ePTFE. However, specific incubation times for each coated graft should be selected and the long-term approach (graft culture) should also be attempted. 相似文献
The increasing request of chemical safety assessment demands for the validation of alternative methods to reduce the resort to animal experimentation. Methods that evaluate reproductive toxicity are among those requiring the largest use of animals. Presently, no validated in vitro alternative exists for the assessment of reproductive toxicity. Mammalian sperm are sensitive targets of DNA-reactive chemicals, which form premutagenic adducts. Here, we propose a new method based on comet assay to detect DNA damage induced by potential germ cell mutagens in bull sperm available from assisted reproduction practices. In somatic cells, chemical-induced adducts can be revealed by comet assay that detects DNA breaks produced during adduct repair. Mature sperm, however, are devoid of repair enzymes, and adducts are processed only after fertilization. For this reason, comet assay is not sensitive to detect DNA lesions induced in sperm by most chemicals. To overcome such limitation, we developed a modified comet assay based on the addition of a protein extract from HeLa cells to agarose-embedded sperm on microscopic slides. To test the method, sperm were treated in vitro with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or melphalan (MLP) and comet assay was conducted both with and without protein supplementation. No effect of MMS or MLP was detected without protein supplementation; on the contrary, a clear-cut dose-dependent effect was measured after addition of the cell extract. These results represent a proof of concept of a novel in vitro mutagenicity test on sperm that could offer a promising approach to complement previously validated in vivo germ cell genotoxicity assays. 相似文献
CONTEXT: Increasing evidences from experimental and human studies suggest that the activity of the growth hormone (GH/insulin-like growth factor-I) axis may contribute to the age-related cognitive decline and poor cognition in late life. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of total serum free IGF-I and its binding protein-3 with cognitive performance in older persons aged 80 years or older. DESIGN: Data are from baseline evaluation of the ilSIRENTE study (n=353). Cognitive performance was evaluated using five items enclosed in the Minimum Data Set for Home Care assessment form: short-term memory, procedural memory, cognitive skills in daily decision making, verbal expression, comprehension. Free insulin-like growth factor-I (free IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in blood were measured. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the relationship between cognitive impairment and the serum free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations, after adjustment for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounders, which included age, gender, education, cerebrovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, depression, Parkinson diseases, thyroid diseases, smoking status, alcohol abuse, body mass index, and number of medications, individuals with verbal expression problems (n=20) and individuals with comprehension problems (n=24) had a significantly lower serum levels of readily dissociable IGF-I than participants without cognitive impairments. The serum IGFBP-3 presented the same behavior of free IGF-I. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that among old-old subjects living in the community lower levels of total serum free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are associated with impairment of cognitive performance. This finding suggests that the GH/IGF-I axis may play an important role in the age-related decline of cognitive performance. 相似文献
CD154-specific antibody therapy prevents allograft rejection in many experimental transplant models. However, initial clinical transplant trials with anti-CD154 have been disappointing suggesting the need for as of yet undetermined adjuvant therapy. In rodents, donor antigen (e.g., a donor blood transfusion), or mTOR inhibition (e.g., sirolimus), enhances anti-CD154's efficacy. We performed renal transplants in major histocompatibility complex-(MHC) mismatched rhesus monkeys and treated recipients with combinations of the CD154-specific antibody IDEC-131, and/or sirolimus, and/or a pre-transplant donor-specific transfusion (DST). Therapy was withdrawn after 3 months. Triple therapy prevented rejection during therapy in all animals and led to operational tolerance in three of five animals including donor-specific skin graft acceptance in the two animals tested. IDEC-131, sirolimus and DST are highly effective in preventing renal allograft rejection in primates. This apparently clinically applicable regimen is promising for human renal transplant trials. 相似文献
Soft tissue tumours represent a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal lesions, and their classification is the subject of continuous
debate. Chromosome analysis, molecular cytogenetics and molecular assays may become increasingly useful in diagnosis, and
this review summarises advances in the cytogenetic characterisation and classification of soft tissue tumours. Among the group
of fibrous lesions, superficial fibromatosis exhibits trisomy 8. This genomic change is also observed in desmoid fibromatosis
in association with trisomy 20. Trisomy 11 is the most frequently observed chromosomal aberration in congenital fibrosarcoma.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and giant cell fibroblastoma share a translocation t(17;22), which supports the concept of
the existence of a common differentiation pathway. Adipose tissue tumours is the group in which integration of genetics and
pathology has been most fruitful. Ordinary lipomas cytogenetically show an abnormal karyotype in about half the cases. Genomic
changes of the 11q13 region are observed in hibernoma. Lipoblastoma exhibits a specific 8q rearrangement in 8q11-q13. Loss
of material from the region 16q13-qter and 13q deletions are observed in spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomas. The well-differentiated
liposarcoma/atypical lipoma group is characterised karyotypically by the presence of one extra ring and/or extra giant chromosome
marker. Myxoid and round cell liposarcoma share the same characteristic chromosome change: t(12;16)(q13;p11) in most cases.
In the group of smooth muscle lesions most data are derived from uterine leiomyomas, which can be subclassified cytogenetically
into seven different types. Half of all leiomyomas are chromosomally normal; the other half have one of six possible consistent
chromosome changes. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is characterised cytogenetically by two variant translocations t(2;13)(q35;q14)
and t(1;13)(p36;q14). Among tenosynovial tumours, the localised type of giant cell tumour of tendon sheath exhibits two different
karyotypic changes. One involves 1p11 in a translocation with chromosome 2 or with another chromosome. A second type involves
16q24. Synovial sarcoma is characterised cytogenetically by a translocation occurring between chromosome 18 and presumably
two adjacent loci on the X chromosome. In neural tumours, abnormalities of chromosome 22 have been reported in benign schwannomas
and perineuriomas. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours exist in two main forms: sporadic and associated with the NF-1
syndrome. Karyotypes are very complex, but chromosomes 17q and 22q are very often involved. Clear cell sarcoma is characterised
cytogenetically and molecularly by a translocation t(12;22)(q13;q12). The Ewing’s sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumour
category shows a central karyotypic anomaly represented by the translocation t(11;22). The two variants t(21;22) and t(7;22)
are found in some cases. Among cartilaginous lesion, the most frequently described anomaly is the t(9;22)(q22;q12) in extraskeletal
myxoid chondrosarcoma. Intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumour is characterised by a t(11;22)(p13;q12).
Received: 5 February 1997 / Accepted: 24 February 1997 相似文献
As for the majority of antiepileptic drugs, encephalopathy, manifested by transient somnolence, mood and motor disorders, is a possible side-effect. To our knowledge, there is little information about gabapentin-induced coma. We report a third case of gabapentin-induced coma where magnetic resonance-spectrometry was performed in diagnosis assessment. 相似文献