Characterization of dehydrochlorinated poly(vinylidene chloride) and the shock-compressed material

Dehydrochlorinated poly(vinylidene chloride) proved to be a conjugated polyene-polyene polymer. Shock compression of the polymer formed a large portion of graphite and trace amounts of diamond and of an unknown carbon. The unknown carbon belongs to the hexagonal crystal system and possesses the cell dimension α₀ = 0.338 nm. A comparison with known carbynes was made in terms of the crystalline parameters.     

POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION OF NMDA AND GLYCINE RECEPTORS BUT NOT GABAA RECEPTORS IN ENFLURANE-INDUCED OPISTHOTONUS IN MICE

1. We previously reported that volatile anaesthetics produce incidences of a transient opisthotonus in mice, a sign of CNS stimulation. This study was performed to investigate mechanisms by which enflurane-induced opisthotonus (EIO) occurs. 2. The effects of pretreatment of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists dizocilpine (MK-801; DIZ) and ketamine (KET), GABA_A antagonists picrotoxin (PIC), pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and glycine antagonist strychnine (STR) on the incidence of EIO were determined. Prior to exposure to 2.0% enflurane in air, male ddN mice were given intraperitoneal injections of 0.2 mL saline (control), 0.5–5.0 mg/kg DIZ, 20–80 mg/kg KET, 2.9 mg/kg PIC, 40.0 mg/kg PTZ and 0.75 mg/kg STR. After the injection, the behavioural state of the mice was observed for 20 min (the pre-enflurane period). During the exposure to enflurane the time for immobilization, that is, anaesthetic induction time (IT), and the incidence of EIO were measured. 3. Dizocilpine (1.0–5.0 mg/kg) and KET (80 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.01) reduced both the incidence of EIO and IT in a dose-dependent manner. During the pre-enflurane period DIZ produced incidences (5–40%) of transient seizures in a dose-dependent manner, while KET did not induce them at all. The two GABA_a antagonists had no detectable effect on the EIO. Strychnine significantly enhanced the EIO. These CNS stimulants resulted in a 3–10% incidence of transient seizure and/or opisthotonus during the pre-enflurane period, but there was no correlation between DIZ-induced seizure and EIO. 4. These results suggest that the EIO is mediated by the NMDA and the STR-sensitive glycine receptors, but not the GABA_A receptor. We speculate that DIZ acts on the NMDA-receptor and/or disrupts the balance between the inhibitory and the excitatory systems.     

Long-term follow-up studies in 211 patients with tetralogy of Fallot after corrective surgery over 10 years

A total number of 427 patients with tetralogy of Fallot who underwent corrective surgery between 1960 and March 1990, in whom 211 patients who survived the surgery over 10 years were evaluated for the follow-up studies. Hemodynamic and cardiac function studies were carried out in 101 patients at the mean interval of 15.7 years (ranges 2 to 21 years). Three methods indicated that patients with muscle resection and pulmonary valvulotomy without patch enlargement (NP) had worse results than the groups with RV patch below valve (RP) and with transannular patch (TP). Also, Holter ECG revealed ventricular arrhythmias in patients with NP were more common than the groups with RP and TP. Sixteen patients (13 with NP, 2 with TP and one with RP) were required reoperation for residual ventricular shunt in 13, residual pulmonary stenosis in 11 and tricuspid regurgitation in 2. All of these 16 patients survived operation and obtained excellent clinical status. It is concluded that patients with TOF after corrective surgery should be carefully followed with short term interval to prevent sudden death and postoperative complications.     

Intraocular kinetics of ceftazidime (Modacin).

The concentration of ceftazidime was determined in the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of normal, vitrectomized and aphakic/vitrectomized eyes and in the serum of albino rabbits 1 h after intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg ceftazidime. The intravitreal ceftazidime concentration was low (0.1-0.2 microgram/ml) in normal eyes 1 h after intravenous injection, and high (8.7 +/- 8.5 micrograms/ml) in vitrectomized and aphakic/vitrectomized eyes when injected immediately after surgery. The ceftazidime concentration was also determined in the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of normal eyes and in the serum of albino rabbits 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after intravitreal injection of 200 micrograms. The intravitreal ceftazidime concentration after intravitreal injection decreased exponentially for 12 h (half-life about 7.4 h). It decreased more slowly thereafter and remained at 13.0 micrograms/ml (mean) even 48 h after injection. This concentration exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations against common gram-positive and gram-negative organisms causing endophthalmitis.     

Climbing exercise increases bone mass and trabecular bone turnover through transient regulation of marrow osteogenic and osteoclastogenic potentials in mice.

To investigate the relationship between the effects of bone turnover and bone marrow cell development in bone cells, we developed a mouse voluntary climbing exercise model. Climbing exercise increased bone volume and transient osteogenic potential of bone marrow. This model would be suitable for investigating the mechanistic roles of mechanical loading. INTRODUCTION: The relationship between bone mass gain and local bone formation and resorption in mechanically loaded bone is not well understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-five C57BL/6J mice, 8 weeks of age, were assigned to five groups: a baseline control and two groups each of ground control and climbing exercise mice for 2 and 4 weeks. Mice were housed in a 100-cm tower and had to climb toward a bottle placed at the top to drink water. RESULTS: Compared with the ground control, bone mineral density of the left femur increased in the climbing mice at 4 weeks. At 2 and 4 weeks, bone formation rate (BFR/BS) of periosteal surface, the cross-sectional area, and moment of inertia were increased in the climbing mice, whereas BFR/BS and eroded surface (ES/BS) of endosteal surface did not differ. The trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) of the proximal tibia increased in climbing mice, and osteoclast surface (Oc.S/BS) and osteoclast number decreased at 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, there were increases in BV/TV and parameters of bone formation, including mineralized surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate. In marrow cell cultures from the tibia, the number of alkaline phosphatase+ colony forming units-fibroblastic and the area of mineralized nodule formation in climbing mice were increased, and the number of osteoclast-like TRACP+ multinucleated cells was lower at 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, these parameters recovered to the levels of the ground controls. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that climbing increased trabecular bone volume and reduced bone resorption, with a subsequent increase in bone formation. Intermittent climbing downregulates marrow osteoclastogenic cells and upregulates osteogenic cells initially, but further exercise seemed to desensitize them. Cortical envelopes were enlarged earlier, but the response seems to differ from trabecular bone.     

Interventional embolization with fibrin glue for a large inferior mesenteric-caval shunt.

We report an unusual case of a large inferior mesenteric-caval shunt in a 25-year-old man without cirrhosis with hypoproteinemia and hypochromic anemia. In this large shunt the direct communication was between the inferior mesenteric vein and the internal iliac vein. Hemodynamic change as a result of the shunt was thought to cause his present clinical problems and future portosystemic encephalopathy. Percutaneous transcatheter embolization of the shunt with fibrin glue was performed through the internal iliac vein, and this offered amelioration of hypoproteinemia and reduction of serum ammonia levels without any complications. An interventional radiologic approach instead of surgical ligation should be attempted for portosystemic shunts, and fibrin glue, as well as coils or a detachable balloon, is also valuable as an embolizing material.     

Antiproliferative effects of NKH477, a forskolin derivative, on cytokine profile in rat lung allografts.

OBJECTIVE: NKH477 was recently identified as a water-soluble forskolin derivative and was reported to prolong survival of murine cardiac allografts. However, the mechanism of the efficacy is not clear in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunosuppressive effects of NKH477 on acute lung allograft rejection in the rat model and its mechanism of action in vivo. METHODS: Left lungs were transplanted orthotopically from Brown-Norway donors to Lewis recipients. Recipient rats were untreated or treated daily with different doses of NKH477. Grafts were excised on Day 3 or Day 5 to determine histopathological rejection and expressions of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-gamma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cytokine expression at Day 3 or Day 5 was also evaluated in recipient spleens by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, mesenteric lymph node cells from recipients at Day 5 were cultured alone or stimulated with donor antigens for 72 hours to determine cell proliferation by means of thymidine incorporation. RESULTS: NKH477 significantly extended allograft survival time in a dose-dependent manner and reduced histopathological rejection. Treatment with NKH477 inhibited IFN-gamma and IL-10 expression, whereas expression of these cytokines were markedly upregulated in the untreated allografts. Expression of IL-2 and IL-10 also increased in the spleen of untreated allorecipients. NKH477 suppressed expression of both cytokines in the spleen. In addition, lymphocyte proliferation was inhibited in NKH477-treated recipients as compared with untreated recipients. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that NKH477 exerts an antiproliferative effect on lymphocytes in vivo with an altered cytokine profile in rat recipients of lung allografts.     

Whole-body hyperthermia-induced renal atrophy of mice as evinced by obstruction and degeneration of renal tubules caused by acute ischemia

Effects of microwave-induced whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) on the mouse kidney were examined histologically for acute and late effects up to 150 days after WBH treatment at 43.5 degrees C (rectal temperature) for 20 min or 42 degrees C for 40 min. As a whole the damage could be divided into two types. One was the damage to distorted epithelial cells in the subcapsular region. This lesion was common in most animals, possibly caused by direct hyperthermic effect of microwave. The other was general renal atrophy accompanied with aqueous or protein-rich cysts due to a chain of physiological reactions of the whole body to WBH. The first reaction was characterized by general stasis of the blood stream in all parts of the kidney, which resulted in acute ischemia of some tissues. This was seen immediately by dilatation of the renal and interlobular veins as well as the bundles of capillaries in the medulla region. The subsequent event was rather specific cell necrosis of distal and collecting tubular epithelium as compared to proximal tubules. The cell destruction induced cell proliferation of the proximal tubular epithelia after two days. Later on, in accord with the recovery of the blood circulation, the proliferated cells were carried away into the lumen, these processes then resulting in obstruction of tubules through formation of protein casts in the lumen. The block incidentally led to the destruction of nephrons. The degenerated area sometimes consisted of aqueous or protein-rich cysts of various sizes after 7 to 30 days. Thereafter these cysts degenerated, decreasing in both number and size. Thus irreversible atrophy of the kidney developed after WBH.