反相高效液相色谱法测定牛黄类中成药中胆汁酸的含量

反相高效液相色谱法测定牛黄类中成药中胆汁酸的含量倪坤仪，王建，陈健，郁建，屠树滋（中国药科大学２１０００９）含牛黄的中成药种类很多，在医疗中具有广泛的用途。中药牛黄中主要成分为胆汁酸和胆红素。本文主要研究用ＨＰＬＣ法测定牛黄以及含牛黄中成药中胆汁酸的...     

Nurses using physical restraints: Are the accused also the victims? – A study using focus group interviews

Background  

To date, the literature has provided an abundance of evidence on the adverse outcomes of restraint use on patients. Reportedly, nurses are often the personnel who initiate restraint use and attribute its use to ensuring the safety of the restrained and the others. A clinical trial using staff education and administrative input as the key components of a restraint reduction program was conducted in a rehabilitation setting to examine whether there were any significant differences in the prevalence of restraint use pre- and post-intervention. Subsequent to the implementation of the intervention program, focus group interviews were conducted to determine the perspective of the nursing staff on the use of restraints and their opinions of appropriate means to reduce their use.     

Identification ofSchistosoma haematobium soluble egg antigens that elicit human granuloma formation in vitro

Schistosoma haematobium soluble egg antigens (SH SEAs) induce intense granulomas in human hosts that often culminate in severe disease. In an attempt to identify the SH SEA fractions that are responsible for pathology, we combined T-cell Western blotting and an in vitro model of granuloma formation. Whole SH SEAs were dotted onto nitrocellulose pieces or were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrotransferred onto nitrocellulose paper. Horizontal strips bearing the separated antigens were solubilized in dimethylsulfoxide and precipitated in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. Antigen-free and antigen-bearing particles were used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained fromS. haematobium-infected patients and sex- and agematched healthy controls to form granulomas in vitro. Whole SH SEA-bearing nitrocellulose particles elicited in vitro formation of granulomas by PBMCs from infected donors. The response was similar in sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility to that evoked by SH SEA-bound polyacrylamide beads. The results obtained in samples from 30 patients and 10 controls tested with SH SEA-separated fractions revealed that SEA bands of 84 000, 63 000, 57 000, 55 000, 40 000, 30 000, and 28 000 Da elicited in vitro granuloma reactions by PBMCs of almost all infected patients. Conversely, separated soluble adult-worm antigens failed to stimulate PBMCs of infected patients to form granulomas. This study is the first to identify the SH SEA fractions that evok in vitro granuloma formation and represents an initial step toward the development of an anti-urinary schistosomiasis pathology vaccine.     

Survivorship and Patient-Reported Outcomes of an Uncemented Vitamin E–Infused Monoblock Acetabular Cup: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

BackgroundAddition of vitamin E to polyethylene is theorized to reduce the potential for oxidative wear in acetabular components. This paper presents a multicenter prospective cohort study that reports on outcomes from use of a Vitamin E–infused highly cross-linked polyethylene acetabular cup.MethodsPatients were recruited across nine medical institutions. Clinical outcome measures recorded were the Harris Hip Score, visual analogue score for pain and satisfaction. Evidence of implant loosening or osteolysis was collected radiologically. Cup survival and reasons for revision in relevant cases were also recorded. Data collection was undertaken preoperatively, at 6-12 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years. A total of 675 patients were recruited, with 450 cases available at final review. Data regarding cup survival was available to 8 years and 9 months postoperatively.ResultsImprovements in both the Harris Hip Score and visual analogue score for pain and satisfaction were recorded at all time points, with these being maintained through the length of follow-up. In total, 89% of cups were implanted within the Lewinnek safe zone. A lucent line was identified in one case, with no evidence of acetabular osteolysis observed throughout the follow-up period. Cup survival was 98.9% at 8 years and 9 months. No revisions for aseptic loosening were observed.ConclusionsThe use of a vitamin E–infused polyethylene acetabular cup demonstrates reassuring patient-reported outcomes, radiological measures, and cup survival at medium to long-term follow-up.     

Tissue distribution and macromolecular interactions of 14[C-ring] melphalan in the rat

Summary The kinetics of uptake and elimination, covalent binding, and macromolecular interactions of ¹⁴[C-ring] melphalan was studied after a single oral dose (20 mg/kg, 0.1 mCi/kg) in normal rats. Peak radioactivity level in tissues was observed at 2–4 h after administration. Uptake of label in most tissues was rapid, with a t_1/2 of less than 1 h. Elimination was biphasic. Tissues of the gastrointestinal tract showed the most rapid rates of elimination, with t_1/2 of 13, 24, 18, and 19 h for stomach, duodenum, and small and large intestines, respectively. Bone marrow also showed a fast rate of elimination of radioactivity, with a t_1/2 of 30 h. Tissues with the slowest rates of elimination were skin, eye, spleen, pancreas, and lung, with t_1/2 of 333, 241, 149, 122, and 109 h, respectively. Covalent binding studies showed that melphalan, or its metabolites, bound irreversibly to all tissue macromolecular fractions. The percentage of covalently bound radioactivity increased with time in all tissues except kidney and eye, reaching up to 70%–80% of the total radioactivity remaining at 72 h. Elimination of covalently bound radioactivity was slower in the DNA fractions of the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and heart compared with the elimination rate from lipid, protein, or RNA fractions. Slow elimination rates of ¹⁴[C-ring] melphalan equivalents from the protein fraction were observed in the skin, eye, and brain. Accumulation, rather than elimination, of radioactivity in this fraction was most prominent in the pancreas. In the bone marrow accumulation of radioactivity was observed in the lipid fraction.Abbreviations used in this paper are L-Pam Melphalan, l-phenylalanine mustard 4-bis (2-chloroethyl) amino-1-phenylalanine - l-DOH 4-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) amino-1-phenylalanine - l-MOH 4-2 hydroxyethyl 2 chloroethyl amino-1-phenylalanine - HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography - TCA trichloroacetic acid - AUC area under the curve - GIT gastrointestinal tract     

DNA vaccination using bacillus Calmette-Guerin-DNA as an adjuvant to enhance immune response to three kinds of swine diseases

In order to enhance the immune efficacy of DNA vaccination, experiments were conducted to investigate the regulating effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG）-DNA as an adjuvant on immune responses of mice against foot-and-mouth disease （FMD）, Aujeszky＇s disease （AID） and classical swine fever （CSF）. BCG-DNA was purified from BCG by ion-exchange chromatography. Three DNA vaccines （pVSG, pVgD and pVE2） against the respective infection were constructed, and BCGDNA was coimmunized to mice by muscle injection. The results showed that titres of specific immunoglobulin （Ig）G to the vaccines mounted remarkably in the sera of the adjuvant covaccinated mice （P〈0.01）. Antibody isotype IgG2a and IgG1 also increased, respectively, in mice coimmunized with BCG-DNA compared with those of the control groups （P〈0.01）. Cellular immune cytokine interferon-gamma and cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected in coimmunized BCG-DNA groups （P〈0. 05）. Whereas interleukin-4, humoral immune cytokine, was not significant （P〉 0. 05）. These results suggest that codelivery of BCG-DNA with DNA vaccines against FMD, AjD and CSF can enhance the induction of antigen-specific, especially, cell-mediated immunity.     

反相高效液相色谱测定丹参注射剂的三种有效成分

本文用反相高效液相色谱法,采用离子抑制技术分离了丹参注射剂中三种有效成分:丹参素、原儿茶醛、原儿茶酸。并用外标法测定了它们在丹参注射液和复方丹参注射液中的含量。考察了Waters公司分析柱(3.9×300 mm)和径向加压柱(8×100 mm),以及国产色谱柱(5×150mm)分析样品,均能获得满意的结果。比较了用多通道紫外吸收检测器和254nm固定波长紫外检测器测定样品时灵敏度的差异。