Succinylcholine and vecuronium blockade of the diaphragm,laryngeal and limb muscles in the anaesthetized goat

The purpose of the study was to compare the response of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle (CD) to neuromuscular blocking drugs with those of the thyroarytenoideus (TA), diaphragm (DI) and ulnaris lateralis (UL) muscles. Evoked electromyographic response to indirect supramaximal stimulation at 1 Hz was monitored in ten adult goats under thiopentone-halothane anaesthesia. The onset time and duration of neuromuscular blockade after intravenous administration of 500 μg · kg^?1 of succinylcholine or 4 μg · kg^?1 of vecuronium were determined. Times to 100% paralysis in CD, TA, DI and UL after succinylcholine were (mean ± SD) 39 ± 11, 39 ± 11, 42 ± 8 and 57 ± 8 seconds, respectively; the corresponding times for vecuronium were 5.6 ± 2.3, 4.6 ± 1.7, 6.0 ± 1.9 and 9.6 ± 1.7 min. The order of recovery to 25% spontaneous EMG activity was TA, CD, DI and UL after succinylcholine (durations: 9.7 ± 3.6, 11.0 ± 3.0, 15.3 ± 1.3 and 22.0 ± 1.2 min, respectively) but DI, CD, TA and UL after vecuronium (durations: 31.9 ± 18.6, 35.2 ± 19.5, 47.1 ± 19.9 and 71.7 ± 16.1 minutes, respectively). Thus, as in the diaphragm and thyroarytenoideus muscles, onset time and duration of succinylcholine or vecuronium blockade were shorter in the abductor muscle of the glottis, cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, than in the limb muscle.     

四氯偶氮苯在大鼠胆汁中的分泌和代谢

四氯偶氮苯（３,３’,４,４’ｔｅｔｒａｃｈｌｏｒｏａｚｏｂｅｎｚｅｎｅ,ＴＣＡＢ）和四氯氧化偶氮苯（３,３’,４,４’ｔｅｔｒａｃｈｌｏｒｏａｚｏｘｙｂｅｎｚｅｎｅ,ＴＣＡＯＢ）是在合成氯代或二氯代苯胺类除草剂时生成的污染废弃物。此类除草剂经...     

Properties of fibres,endplates and acetylcholine receptors in the diaphragm,masseter, laryngeal,abdominal and limb muscles in the goat

Purpose

Although differences in fibre composition, fibre size or acetylcholine receptor (AChR) density between muscles have often been proposed to explain the unequal sensitivities of muscles to muscle relaxant drugs, it is not clear whether or how these parameters differ among muscles or are related to one another. In this study, several muscles were examined to determine the composition and cross-sectional area (CSA) of types I and II fibres, the surface area of their motor endplates (ESA), and their AChR density.

Methods

Biopsies from the thyroarytenoideus, cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, masseter, diaphragm, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of goats were processed by muscle histochemistry and morphometry and the ESA:CSA ratio was computed. The number and density of AChRs per endplate were estimated by¹²⁵I-α-bungarotoxin binding studies.

Results

The mean type 1 fibre composition (range: 0–100%), fibre diameter (28–50 μm) and the ESA:CSA ratio (0.27–1.01) differed among muscles (P = 0.0001), but there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the mean endplate size (577–725 μm²), AChR number (6.6?14.5 × 10⁶) or AChR density (8,900–22,300 μm^?2) probably because of marked individual variations. Fibre size increased and the ESA:CSA ratio decreased in the order laryngeal, diaphragm, jaw, limb and abdominal muscles.

Conclusion

It is concluded that between muscles fibre size varies more than endplate size or AChR number.     

中年人颈动脉粥样硬化调查分析

目的:探讨中年人颈动脉粥样硬化发病特点.方法:对173例中年人进行体检及问卷资料分析.结果:61例40～55岁中年人经彩色多普勒超声诊断颈动脉粥样硬化.肥胖、血脂异常、吸烟、饮酒与颈部血管动脉粥样硬化的发生有一定关系.结论:40～55岁中年人颈动脉粥样硬化的发生率高,应列为重点人群关注.     

Comparison of mechanical and electrical activity and interstitial cells of Cajal in urinary bladders from wild-type and W/Wv mice

Background and purpose:

W/W^v and wild-type murine bladders were studied to determine whether the W/W^v phenotype, which causes a reduction in, but not abolition of, tyrosine kinase activity, is a useful tool to study the function of bladder interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC).

Experimental approach:

Immunohistochemistry, tension recordings and microelectrode recordings of membrane potential were performed on wild-type and mutant bladders.

Key results:

Wild-type and W/W^v detrusors contained c-Kit- and vimentin-immunopositive cells in comparable quantities, distribution and morphology. Electrical field stimulation evoked tetrodotoxin-sensitive contractions in wild-type and W/W^v detrusor strips. Atropine reduced wild-type responses by 50% whereas a 25% reduction occurred in W/W^v strips. The atropine-insensitive component was blocked by pyridoxal-5-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid in both tissue types. Wild-type and W/W^v detrusors had similar resting membrane potentials of −48 mV. Spontaneous electrical activity in both tissue types comprised action potentials and unitary potentials. Action potentials were nifedipine-sensitive whereas unitary potentials were not. Excitatory junction potentials were evoked by single pulses in both tissues. These were reduced by atropine in wild-type tissues but not in W/W^v preparations. The atropine-insensitive component was abolished by pyridoxal-5-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid in both preparations.

Conclusions and implications:

Bladders from W/W^v mice contain c-Kit- and vimentin-immunopositive ICC. There are similarities in the electrical and contractile properties of W/W^v and wild-type detrusors. However, significant differences were found in the pharmacology of the responses to neurogenic stimulation with an apparent up-regulation of the purinergic component. These findings indicate that the W/W^v strain may not be the best model to study ICC function in the bladder.     

School‐based systems change for obesity prevention in adolescents: outcomes of the Australian Capital Territory ‘It's Your Move!’

Objective: The Australian Capital Territory ‘It's Your Move!’ (ACT‐IYM) was a three‐year (2012–2014) systems intervention to prevent obesity among adolescents. Methods: The ACT‐IYM project involved three intervention schools and three comparison schools and targeted secondary students aged 12–16 years. The intervention consisted of multiple initiatives at individual, community, and school policy level to support healthier nutrition and physical activity. Intervention school‐specific objectives related to increasing active transport, increasing time spent physically active at school, and supporting mental wellbeing. Data were collected in 2012 and 2014 from 656 students. Anthropometric data were objectively measured and behavioural data self‐reported. Results: Proportions of overweight or obesity were similar over time within the intervention (24.5% baseline and 22.8% follow‐up) and comparison groups (31.8% baseline and 30.6% follow‐up). Within schools, two of three the intervention schools showed a significant decrease in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (p<0.05). Conclusions: There was some evidence of effectiveness of the systems approach to preventing obesity among adolescents. Implications for public health: The incorporation of systems thinking has been touted as the next stage in obesity prevention and public health more broadly. These findings demonstrate that the use of systems methods can be effective on a small scale.     

护生人文能力现状及其培养

通过对人文素质教育的内涵和护生人文能力现状的分析，提出护生人文能力是其整体素质的重要方面，加强护生人文素质教育是社会发展的必然和需要，从而探讨加强护生人文能力培养的有效途径。     

时辰药物治疗学研究状况

随着对一些疾病日节律性的研究加深,时辰药物治疗越来越受到重视。为此本文从高血压、肿瘤、哮喘等治疗药入手,对相关时辰药物治疗的情况作一综述。