Robotic surgery does not affect upstaging of T1 renal masses

Partial nephrectomy is the mainstay of treatment for localized kidney cancer. A proportion of patients are upstaged post-operatively to locally advanced di     

Alternatives to lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness affecting a large number of Americans. While lithium, the treatment of choice for this disorder, is usually effective, a substantial number of individuals with bipolar disorder are not helped by lithium or are intolerant to its side effects. Consequently, investigators are searching for alternative drugs in order to treat lithium-resistant patients. Although a number of alternative drug treatments have been discussed in the literature, only the anticonvulsants carbamazepine and valproate appear to warrant serious consideration at this time. Future research will further define their roles as antimanic agents.     

Beyond C4d: Other Complement-Related Diagnostic Approaches to Antibody-Mediated Rejection

Complement is a multifunctional system of receptors and regulators as well as effector molecules. Both the pathogenic and diagnostic power of complement is based on the capacity of the complement system to amplify innate and adaptive immunity. This amplification is accomplished through two strategies: (1) enzymatic reactions in the complement cascade, and (2) stimulation of leukocytes, platelets and parenchymal cells through specific receptors or receptor-independent pore formation. The mechanisms by which complement mediates and modifies nonspecific inflammation, antibody-mediated injury and T-cell responses are of particular significance to the pathogenesis of transplant rejection. Understanding the mechanisms by which complement integrates the interactions of leukocytes, platelets and parenchymal cells offers opportunities to further refine the diagnosis of rejection.     

Intracellular trafficking of fluorescently tagged proteins associated with pathogenesis in Candida albicans.

Proteins that enter the secretory pathway play important roles in virulence and pathogenesis in Candida albicans, but our understanding of the trafficking of these proteins is in its early stages. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dominant negative alleles of YPT1 and SEC4 interrupt secretory traffic at pre- and post-Golgi steps, respectively. We therefore used a dominant negative genetic approach to examine the intracellular trafficking of several proteins associated with virulence or azole resistance. When the dominant negative ypt1(N121I) allele of C. albicans was overexpressed, yellow-fluorescent protein (YFP) tagged forms of two plasma membrane transporters (Cdrlp and Ftrlp) and the vacuolar membrane ABC transporter Mltlp accumulated in intracellular structures that appeared related to the ER, but localization of Cdc10p and Int1p was unaffected. When the dominant negative sec4(S28N) allele of C. albicans was overexpressed, Cdrlp and Ftrlp accumulated intracellularly, and localization of Mltlp, Cdc10p and Int1p was unaffected. These results imply that (i) Cdrlp and Ftrlp are transported to the plasma membrane by the general secretory pathway, (ii) Mlt1p enters the secretory pathway but is diverted to the vacuole at an early post-Golgi step, and (iii) like Cdc10p, Int1p does not enter the general secretory pathway.     

Combined prostacyclin and thromboxane synthetase inhibitor UK 38485 in flap survival

Thromboxane, a prostanoid derivative, is a central mediator of the progressive dermal ischemia seen in the distal dying flap. Prostacyclin; a vasoactive prostanoid derivative, has been found to enhance ischemic flap survival. This study examines the effects of prostacyclin and UK 38485 (specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor), separately and combined, in axial flap survival in the pig. Each increased flap survival over control flaps; their combined use demonstrated an even greater flap survival (p less than 0.005).     

Birth order effects in second-generation alcoholics

The effects of birth-order position (first-, middle- and last-born) in intact families with three children on the psychopathology scores of second-generation alcoholics were examined by administering the MMPI to 90 alcoholic sons of alcoholic parents. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) applied to the individual MMPI scale scores revealed a consistent pattern of results: first borns evidenced significantly less exaggerated psychopathology scores than both groups of later borns. Most of the extreme scale scores obtained within this population of alcoholics were obtained from the later borns. Implications for previous generalizations about the alcoholic children of alcoholic parents are discussed.     

Alcohol stimulates the release of dopamine in the ventral pallidum but not in the globus pallidus: a dual-probe microdialysis study.

The mesoaccumbens dopamine system has been hypothesized to be a common neural substrate mediating the actions of various drugs of abuse, including ethanol. However, the involvement of the mesopallidal dopamine system has received very little attention. The present study examined the effects of intraperitoneal (IP) ethanol administration on the extracellular levels of dopamine in the ventral pallidum (VP) and globus pallidus (GP) of Wistar rats. Rats were bilaterally implanted with microdialysis probes aimed at the VP and GP or nucleus accumbens (NAc) and dorsal striatum (dSTR). During microdialysis testing, rats with probes located in the VP and GP were injected IP with sterile saline or 15% (v/v) ethanol in saline at doses of 0.75, 1.5, or 2.25 g/kg. Rats with NAc and dSTR probes were injected with saline or 2.25 g/kg ethanol. The IP administration of 1.5 and 2.25 g/kg ethanol significantly (p <0.05) elevated the extracellular levels of dopamine in the VP (maximal increase: 136 and 182% of baseline, respectively) but not in the GP. No effects on extracellular dopamine levels were observed following the IP injections of 0.75 g/kg ethanol or saline. The IP administration of 2.25 g/kg ethanol significantly (p <0.05) elevated the extracellular levels of dopamine in the NAc (maximal increase: 198% of baseline) and dSTR (maximal increase: 155% of baseline). Analysis of the effects of 2.25 g/kg ethanol on dopamine release revealed greater increases in the VP, NAc, and dSTR compared to the GP. The data suggest that the mesopallidal, mesoaccumbens, and nigrostriatal dopamine systems are more sensitive to the effects of ethanol than the nigropallidal dopamine system.