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Phonophoresis is defined as the migration of drug molecules, contained in a contact agent, through the skin under the influence of ultrasound. Several drugs have been introduced into the body by this technique. The design of a phonophoretic drug delivery system is in developmental stages in various research laboratories. Parameters affecting the delivery of drugs by this technique and devices available for drug delivery purposes are discussed in this review. 相似文献
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AG331 is a water soluble glucuronate salt of a novel antitumor compound synthesized by protein structure based drug design. A lyophilized powder for injection was developed for clinical studies. During HPLC assay development, AG331 showed an inherent tailing problem due to an amino group in the structure. An optimized reverse-phase gradient HPLC method was developed to minimize the tailing and separate AG331 from its synthetic intermediates (I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, I-6, I-8), other impurities and degradation compounds. The method was shown to be linear, precise, accurate, rugged and stability-indicating. 相似文献
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Pharmaceutical Research - 相似文献
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Transdermal drug delivery of ionized drugs can be enhanced by iontophoresis. Drug in the ionic form, contained in some reservoir, can be phoresed through the skin with a small current across two electrodes, one above the reservoir and one at a distal skin location. Positive ions can be introduced from the positive pole, or negative ions from the negative pole. The design and development of iontophoretic devices are rather simple. Some of the principles of operation and the advantages/disadvantages and clinical implications associated with these devices are outlined in this review. 相似文献
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L-NDDP is a liposome-entrapped platinum compound currently in phase 2 clinical trials that has been shown to undergo intraliposomal activation. The degradation/activation kinetics of liposome entrapped cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2-diamminocyclohexane platinum (II) [L-NDDP] at different conditions of pH, and temperature is presented. Liposomes were reconstituted in a solution of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) in water (pH 5) at room temperature (formulation conditions currently used in the ongoing clinical trials). In the temperature experiments, L-NDDP 0.9% sodium chloride liposomes were incubated in a water-bath at 40, 60, and 80 degrees C. In the pH experiments, these solutions were compared to water, phosphate with and without chloride ion present, phosphate buffer without chloride ion at pH 3.1, 5.0, and 7.4, and glycine buffer with and without chloride ion. In 0.9% sodium chloride at room temperature, the chemical degradation/activation of liposome-bound NDDP was biphasic, with most of the degradation (approximately 45% conversion) occurring during the first hour after formation of the liposome suspension. NDDP degradation was pH dependent: when using pH 3 phosphate buffer as a reconstituting solution, liposome-bound NDDP degraded rapidly, whereas in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer it was stable for > 72 h. NDDP degradation was also temperature-dependent, the 50% point decreasing from 12 h at 25 degrees C to 9.5 h at 40 degrees C, 3.8 h at 60 degrees C, and 0.3 h at 80 degrees C when using 0.9% NaCl in water as a reconstituting solution. Using glycine buffer solution with and without NaCl at room temperature, no NDDP degradation over a 72 h period was observed at 25 degrees C; however, at 40 degrees C, only 68% NDDP remained intact at 72 h. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis of the eluting fractions after injection of L-NDDP samples reconstituted in chloride-containing and non chloride-containing solutions clearly indicated that the formation of DACH-Pt-Cl2 was only observed when chloride-containing solutions were used and was first detected at 3 h when using 0.9% NaCl in water as a reconstituting solution. These results indicate that pH and temperature, and not the presence of chloride ion, are the main factors leading to the activation of NDDP. Since 45% of NDDP is already degraded at 1 h in the same conditions, it is concluded that (1) the first active intermediates of L-NDDP formed within the liposomes are the DACH-Pt chloro-aquo and diaquo intermediates, and (2) the in vivo, antitumour activity of L-NDDP is most likely mediated by direct intracellular delivery of the active species. 相似文献
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A call for action: Improve reporting of research studies to increase the scientific basis for regulatory decision‐making
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Marlene Ågerstrand Sofie Christiansen Annika Hanberg Christina Rudén Lars Andersson Sjur Andersen Henrik Appelgren Christine Bjørge Ian Henning Clausen Dag Markus Eide Nanna B. Hartmann Trine Husøy Halldór Pálmar Halldórsson Marianne van der Hagen Ellen Ingre‐Khans Adam David Lillicrap Vibe Meister Beltoft Anna‐Karin Mörk Mari Murtomaa‐Hautala Elsa Nielsen Kristín Ólafsdóttir Jaana Palomäki Hinni Papponen Emilie Marie Reiler Helene Stockmann‐Juvala Tiina Suutari Henrik Tyle Anna Beronius 《Journal of applied toxicology : JAT》2018,38(5):783-785
This is a call for action to scientific journals to introduce reporting requirements for toxicity and ecotoxicity studies. Such reporting requirements will support the use of peer‐reviewed research studies in regulatory decision‐making. Moreover, this could improve the reliability and reproducibility of published studies in general and make better use of the resources spent in research. 相似文献
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Ruvini V. Lelwala Zacharie LeBlanc Marie-Emilie A. Gauthier Candace E. Elliott Fiona E. Constable Greg Murphy Callum Tyle Adrian Dinsdale Mark Whattam Julie Pattemore Roberto A. Barrero 《Viruses》2022,14(7)
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of host plant small RNA (sRNA) is a popular approach for plant virus and viroid detection. The major bottlenecks for implementing this approach in routine virus screening of plants in quarantine include lack of computational resources and/or expertise in command-line environments and limited availability of curated plant virus and viroid databases. We developed: (1) virus and viroid report web-based bioinformatics workflows on Galaxy Australia called GA-VirReport and GA-VirReport-Stats for detecting viruses and viroids from host plant sRNA extracts and (2) a curated higher plant virus and viroid database (PVirDB). We implemented sRNA sequencing with unique dual indexing on a set of plants with known viruses. Sequencing data were analyzed using GA-VirReport and PVirDB to validate these resources. We detected all known viruses in this pilot study with no cross-sample contamination. We then conducted a large-scale diagnosis of 105 imported plants processed at the post-entry quarantine facility (PEQ), Australia. We detected various pathogens in 14 imported plants and discovered that de novo assembly using 21–22 nt sRNA fraction and the megablast algorithm yielded better sensitivity and specificity. This study reports the successful, large-scale implementation of HTS and a user-friendly bioinformatics workflow for virus and viroid screening of imported plants at the PEQ. 相似文献
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