Adrenergic signalling between rat taste receptor cells

In taste buds, synaptic transmission is traditionally thought to occur from taste receptor cells to the afferent nerve. This communication reports the novel observation that taste receptor cells respond to adrenergic stimulation. Noradrenaline application inhibited outward potassium currents in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition was mimicked by the β agonist isoproterenol and blocked by the β antagonist propranolol. The α agonists clonidine and phenylephrine both inhibited the potassium currents and elevated intracellular calcium levels. Inwardly rectifying potassium currents were unaffected by adrenergic stimulation. Experiments using the RT-PCR technique demonstrate that lingual epithelium expresses multiple α (α1a, α1b, α1c, α1d, α2a, α2b, α2c) and β (β1, β2) subtypes of adrenergic receptors, and immunocytochemistry localized noradrenaline to a subset of taste receptor cells. Collectively, these data imply strongly that adrenergic transmission within the taste bud may play a paracrine role in taste physiology.     

辛伐他汀对早期糖尿病大鼠视网膜白细胞黏附的影响

目的 观察辛伐他汀（Sim）对白细胞在早期糖尿病大鼠视网膜毛细血管中黏附、堆积的影响,探索他汀类药物可能的非调脂性治疗作用.方法 Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病组（DM）、糖尿病Sim组（DMsim）和糖尿病生理盐水组（DM saline）.腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）建立糖尿病模型,成模后Sim组予以Sim15 mg/（kg·d）;DMsim组等量灌胃,2周后处死动物,取右眼制备视网膜石蜡切片,行形态学观察及CD45-MAb免疫组织化学研究.结果 CD45在正常大鼠视网膜血管内皮细胞胞膜中有表达,DM组CD45的表达明显增加,与正常对照组、DMsim组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜O.05）.结论 早期糖尿病大鼠视网膜白细胞黏附性增加,Sim可显著地抑制白细胞在视网膜中的黏附和堆积,改善糖尿病大鼠视网膜微循环.     

蝎毒素Ⅳ的中枢镇痛作用

从东亚钳蝎粗毒中分离纯化出蝎毒素Ⅳ，经套管注入侧脑室，用辐射热测痛和屈肌反射检测两种方法，观察蝎毒素Ⅳ的中枢镇痛作用，结果蝎毒索Ⅳ可以明显延长大鼠缩腿潜伏期，并可显著抑制Ｃ纤维诱发的屈肌反射。提示蝎毒素Ⅳ具有显著的中枢镇痛作用。     

猫前脑和脑干向中缝背核的纤维投射

中缝背核在针剌镇痛过程中起重要作用。本文用HRP法,对猫前脑和脑干向中缝背核的纤维投射,作了进一步的研究。 HRP注入中缝背核吻侧部后,在前脑双侧先导回皮质和梨状前区皮质V层出现较多被标记的锥体细胞;缰外侧核出现较密集且形态不一的标记细胞;下丘脑各区(视前区、外侧区、内侧区和后区)也出现散在的标记细胞。 HRP注入中缝背核尾侧部后,除前脑出现标记细胞的部位与HRP注入吻侧部者相同外,在脑干中脑导水管周围灰质、蓝斑,其他中缝核(中央上核,中缝线形核和中缝大核)、臂旁内、外侧核及脑干网状结构等处,也观察到标记细胞。结果表明前脑皮质、缰外侧核、下丘脑各区均有纤维直接投射到中缝背核。中缝背核也接受来自中脑水管周围灰质、蓝斑、其他中缝核等核团的纤维投射;中缝背核吻侧部和尾侧部的传入投射,存在一定的局部定位关系,即中缝背核吻侧部只接受来自前脑的纤维投射,其尾侧部既接受来自前脑的纤维投射,也接受来自脑干的纤维投射。     

应用PCR技术检测恙螨体内恙虫病立克次体动态和经卵传递的研究

本文应用聚合酶链反应技术检测恙虫病立克次体实验感染的恙螨体内立克次体的动态变化，通过人工腹腔接种而感染的恙螨成虫，恙虫病立克次体至少能在其体内生存３６０天和经卵传递４代；通过未食幼虫叮咬病小鼠而感染的恙螨，经饱蚴、若蛹、若虫、成蛹和成虫阶段，恙虫病立克次体检测均呈阳性，至少能在成虫期体内生存２７０天和经卵传递１代。     

大鼠中缝大核突触囊泡在电针后的变化及其图象分析

应用透射电镜和图象分析方法,对电针后大鼠中缝大核突触前终扣内突触囊泡的数量以及突触前终扣内容物的量的变化进行了研究。结果表明:电针后,中缝大核突触前终扣内圆形清亮囊泡和颗粒囊泡的数量明显减少,突触囊泡聚集并向突触活性带集中。图象分析结果:电针后,突触前终扣内容物的量较对照组明显减少,而且内容物分布不均匀并在突触膜附近集中。本实验为针刺镇痛的理论研究提供了形态学依据。     

早期矽肺损伤的蛋白质组学研究及 α 晶状体球蛋白 B 的表达与验证

目的：建立二氧化硅诱导早期肺损伤大鼠肺组织的二维凝胶电泳图谱,筛选在此过程中起关键作用的靶 蛋白分子并进行验证。方法：制作二氧化硅诱导大鼠早期肺损伤模型(实验组),通过HE染色观察肺部形态变化,用 双向凝胶电泳法建立二维凝胶图谱,用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)分析鉴定差异表达蛋白 分子,用Western印迹验证差异表达蛋白分子在肺组织中的表达。结果：成功制作二氧化硅早期肺损伤模型,建立实 验组及对照组肺组织二维凝胶电泳图谱,二者蛋白表达及分布存在差异,发现差异点40个,选取重复性好,在凝胶 上位置和表达适中的共20个进行MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定及数据库搜索并筛选,鉴定出差异蛋白13种,包括α晶状体球蛋 白B、间隙蛋白I、肥大细胞蛋白酶等,进一步用Western印迹证实实验组α晶状体球蛋白B表达明显增加,与蛋白质组 学结果一致。结论：α晶状体球蛋白B在早期矽肺组织中表达明显升高,提示其可能在矽肺的发生发展中起关键作用。     

Sleep,sedentary activity,physical activity,and cognitive function among older adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2014

ObjectivesWe aimed to estimate the association of sleep, sedentary activity and physical activity with cognitive function among older adults, with consideration of the competing nature between variables of activity status.DesignCross-sectional study.MethodsA total of 3086 older adults (60 years or older) in the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure self-reported time for sedentary activity, walking/bicycling and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Cognitive function was examined using the CERAD Word Learning subtest (memory), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (executive function/processing speed), and Animal Fluency Test (language). Sleep duration was obtained via interview. Isotemporal substitution models using multivariable linear regression were applied to examine the associations of replacing sleep, sedentary activity, walking/bicycling, MVPA with each other and cognitive function, stratified by sleep duration per night (≤7 h, >7 h).ResultsAmong participants with sleep duration ≤7 h/night, replacing 30 min/day of sedentary activity with 30 min/day of MVPA or 30 min/day was associated with better cognition. Among participants with sleep duration >7 h/night, replacing 30 min/day of sleep with 30 min/day of sedentary activity, walking/bicycling, or MVPA was associated with better cognition.ConclusionsReplacing sedentary activities with MVPA was associated with favorable cognitive function among older adults sleeping no longer than 7 h/night, and replacing excessive sleep with sedentary or physical activities was associated with favorable cognition. Future research is expected to examine the associations of replacing different activity status on long-term cognitive outcomes in longitudinal studies.     

An expert consensus on the evaluation and treatment of acute thoracolumbar spine and spinal cord injury in China

This is an expert consensus on the evaluation and treatment of thoracolumbar spinal injury, estab- lished from February 2009 to July 2010. The expert consensus consists mainly of six parts with a total of 54 recommendations including the overview （one item）; pre-hospital care （one item）; evaluation and diagnosis （13 items）; treatment （23 items）; prevention and treatment of major com- plications （12 items）; and rehabilitation （four items）. This is the first time that Chinese experts have published a consensus on spine and spinal cord injury. The expert consensus was established based on Delphi methods, literature analysis, and clinical experiences. Each recommendation is supported by and was interpreted using multi-level evidences. The level of agreement with the rec- ommendation among the panel members was assessed as either low, moderate, or strong. Each panel member was asked to indicate his or her level of agreement on a 5-point scale, with ＂1＂ cor- respondJng to neutrality and ＂5＂ representJng maxJmum agreement. Scores were aggregated across the panel members and an arithmetic mean was calculated. This mean score was then translated into low, moderate, or strong. After all of the votes were collected and calculated, the results showed no low-level recommendations, 10 moderate-level recommendations, and 44 strong-level recom- mendations. An expert consensus was reached and was recognized by Chinese spine surgeons. Wide-scale adoption of these recommendations is urgent in the management of acute thora- columbar spine and spinal cord injury in a broader attempt to create a standard evaluation and treatment strategy for acute thoracolumbar spine and spinal cord injury in China.