Interaction of estrogen receptor‐α ligand binding domain with nuclear proteins of aging mouse brain

After the interaction of estrogen with the ligand binding domain (LBD) of mouse estrogen receptor‐α (mERα) and hormone‐responsive elements of target genes, many nuclear proteins are recruited to regulate the expression of specific genes. Because it is not known which brain proteins interact with LBD or whether these proteins vary with age and sex, we used pull‐down assay and far Western blotting to detect five nuclear proteins of 160, 140, 87, 60, and 46 kD in the mouse brain. These interacting proteins were identified as PELP1, RIP140, PGC1α, BAF60, and ADA3, respectively. The level of PELP1, RIP140, PGC1α, and BAF60 decreased drastically in old compared with adult male mice, whereas the ADA3 level showed no significant change. PELP1, PGC1α, and BAF60 levels were lower in old male compared with female mice. Thus we report the identification and interaction of five nuclear proteins with mERα‐LBD, indicating their role in estrogen signaling and brain functions during aging. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Fatal trio-aplastic anaemia,agranulocytosis and epistaxis

Aplastic anaemia, Agranulocytosis & Epistaxis—when combines in one patient together becomes fatal. Here three case reports are given, all of them suffered from these three diseases simultaneously. All died in spite of best treatment except bone marrow transplantation. It was not done because of non-availability of HLA typing & marrow donor.     

Altered chromatin landscape in circulating T follicular helper and regulatory cells following grass pollen subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy

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Hepatitis B virus genotypes and serotypes in western India: lack of clinical significance

To determine hepatitis B virus genotype and subtype distribution among HBV infected individuals with different clinical manifestations in western India, serum samples from 19 asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers, 30 chronic hepatitis B patients, 8 acute hepatitis B patients, 5 fulminant hepatitis B patients, and with circulating HBV DNA were genotyped and subtyped on the basis of the nucleotide sequence analysis of S region of the HBV genome. Genotype D was the predominant genotype circulating in western India (57/62; 91.93%). All 19 asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers, 8 acute hepatitis B patients, 5 fulminant hepatic failure patients and 25/30 chronic hepatitis B patients were circulating genotype D and ayw3/ayw2 subtypes. HBV genotype A was prevalent in 8% (5/62) of the total number of patients and all belonged to chronic hepatitis B category. Subtyping analysis showed that all genotype A isolates were of subtype adw2. As most of the patients from different clinical categories were infected with HBV genotype D, it is concluded that this genotype did not influence the outcome of HBV infection.     

Selected conditions associated with an increased incidence of incisional hernia: A review of molecular biology

BackgroundIncisional hernias (IH) following a laparotomy, on average, occur in 10–20% of patients, however, little is known about its molecular basis. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms could lead to the identification of key target(s) to intervene pre-and post-operatively.MethodsWe examined the current literature describing the molecular mechanisms of IH and overlap these factors with smoking, abdominal aortic aneurysm, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and diverticulitis.ResultsThe expression levels of collagen I and III, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases are abnormal in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of IH patients and ECM disorganization has an overlap with these comorbid conditions.ConclusionUnderstanding the pathophysiology of IH development and associated risk factors will allow physicians to identify patients that may be at increased risk for IH and to possibly act preemptively to decrease the incidence of IH.     

The burden of cutaneous disease in solid organ transplant recipients of color

Organ transplant recipients (OTRs) are at increased risk of cutaneous malignancy. Skin disorders in OTRs of color (OTRoC) have rarely been systematically assessed. We aimed to ascertain the burden of skin disease encountered in OTRoC by prospectively collecting data from OTRs attending 2 posttransplant skin surveillance clinics: 1 in London, UK and 1 in Philadelphia, USA. Retrospective review of all dermatological diagnoses was performed. Data from 1766 OTRs were analyzed: 1024 (58%) white, 376 (21%) black, 261 (15%) Asian, 57 (3%) Middle Eastern/Mediterranean (ME/M), and 48 (2.7%) Hispanic; and 1128 (64%) male. Viral infections affected 45.1% of OTRs, and were more common in white and ME/M patients (P < .001). Fungal infections affected 28.1% and were more common in ME/M patients (P < .001). Inflammatory skin disease affected 24.5%, and was most common in black patients (P < .001). In addition, 26.4% of patients developed skin cancer. There was an increased risk of skin cancer in white vs nonwhite OTRs (HR 4.4, 95% CI 3.5-5.7, P < .001): keratinocyte cancers were more common in white OTRs (P < .001) and Kaposi sarcoma was more common in black OTRs (P < .001). These data support the need for programs that promote targeted dermatology surveillance for all OTRs, regardless of race/ethnicity or country of origin.     

Pregnant women & vaccines against emerging epidemic threats: Ethics guidance for preparedness,research, and response

Zika virus, influenza, and Ebola have called attention to the ways in which infectious disease outbreaks can severely – and at times uniquely – affect the health interests of pregnant women and their offspring. These examples also highlight the critical need to proactively consider pregnant women and their offspring in vaccine research and response efforts to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Historically, pregnant women and their offspring have been largely excluded from research agendas and investment strategies for vaccines against epidemic threats, which in turn can lead to exclusion from future vaccine campaigns amidst outbreaks. This state of affairs is profoundly unjust to pregnant women and their offspring, and deeply problematic from the standpoint of public health. To ensure that the needs of pregnant women and their offspring are fairly addressed, new approaches to public health preparedness, vaccine research and development, and vaccine delivery are required. This Guidance offers 22 concrete recommendations that provide a roadmap for the ethically responsible, socially just, and respectful inclusion of the interests of pregnant women in the development and deployment of vaccines against emerging pathogens. The Guidance was developed by the Pregnancy Research Ethics for Vaccines, Epidemics, and New Technologies (PREVENT) Working Group – a multidisciplinary, international team of 17 experts specializing in bioethics, maternal immunization, maternal-fetal medicine, obstetrics, pediatrics, philosophy, public health, and vaccine research and policy – in consultation with a variety of external experts and stakeholders.     

Care of lingual vessels during surgery over floor of mouth

The lingual vessels and its branches being superficial at under surface of tongue and floor if mouth may get injured during surgery over of floor of mouth.In two cases, lingual vessels were severed accdentally during surgery with excessive haemorrhage. This study was done to care the lingual vessels during surgery. Four main surgical dangerzone are found and emphasis is being given to be over cautious while operating over this surgical danger zones. Surgery over the floor of mouth is done in a number of conditions. Lingual vessels being very superficial, its sub-lingual branches are damaged during surgery if surgeon is not cautious and may create problems.To avoid this, thorough knowledge of correct surgical anatomy, course & relation of lingual vessels and floor of mouth is essential.     

RRM1 and PTEN as prognostic parameters for overall and disease-free survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: RRM1 has important functions in the determination of the malignant phenotype. It controls cell proliferation through deoxynucleotide production and metastatic propensity through PTEN induction. It is located in a region of loss of heterozygosity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is a predictor of poor survival. We hypothesized that RRM1 expression would be a significant predictor of outcome in NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective data set of 49 patients and a prospective data set of 77 patients with resectable NSCLC were studied. RNA was extracted from tumor and normal lung tissue, and expression of the genes RRM1, PTEN, and RRM2 was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: RRM1 expression was significantly correlated with PTEN and RRM2 expression in tumor tissue. RRM1 and PTEN expression in tumor tissue was highly predictive of overall (P =.011 and.018, respectively) and disease-free survival (P =.002 and.026, respectively). Patients with high levels of expression lived longer and had disease recurrence later than patients with low levels of RRM1 and PTEN. In a multivariate analysis, high RRM1 expression was predictive of long survival independent of tumor stage, performance status, and weight loss. CONCLUSION: RRM1 is a biologically and clinically important determinant of malignant behavior in NSCLC. Knowing the level of expression of this gene adds significant information to management decisions independent of the currently used outcome predictors of tumor stage, performance status, and weight loss. Future clinical trials should stratify patients based on expression of this gene to avoid unwanted biases.     

Central motor conduction time in malnourished children

The functional status of the descending motor pathways was assessed in malnourished children using transcranial electromagnetic stimulation of the cortex. Twenty children with different severities of malnutrition and 20 control subjects were studied electrophysiologically. The circular coil of a Dentac MAG 2 magnetic stimulator was applied tangentially over the vertex to stimulate the cortex. The muscle evoked potential in the children's arms was recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis muscle and in their legs from the extensor digitorum brevis muscle on both sides of the body using surface electrodes. The muscle evoked potential of the abductor pollicis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis muscles was further obtained using root stimulation by applying the coil at the cervical and lumbar spine, respectively. The indices of cortical threshold, cortical latency, and central motor conduction time (ms) were evaluated in both arm and leg muscles on both sides. The results showed an increased cortical threshold (mean (SD) 1232.5 (134.06) in the study group v 1147.5 (99.31) in the control group) for the abductor pollicis brevis muscle and for the extensor digitorum brevis muscle (1325.00 (115.70) in the study group v 1190.0 (125.24) in the control group). Similarly, significant prolongation of the central motor conduction time (ms) (study group 6.67 (0.91) v control group 5.71 (0.74)) in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle was seen in malnourished children.