Cholesteryl-grafted functional amphiphilic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-hydroxylmethylacrylamide): synthesis, temperature-sensitivity, self-assembly and encapsulation of a hydrophobic agent

A thermally responsive amphiphilic grafted copolymer comprised of hydroxyl-containing random poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-hydroxylmethylacrylamide) as the hydrophilic chain and cholesteryl groups as hydrophobic side arms was developed for the controlled release of hydrophobic drugs. The polymer was temperature-sensitive with a lower critical solution temperature of 40.5 degrees C and a critical micelle concentration of 4 mg/l. Dynamic light-scattering studies showed that the amphiphilic polymer self-assembled into micelles in aqueous media with their mean sizes in the range of 25-34 nm. Transmission electron microscope studies showed that the nanoparticles prepared from the micelle solutions exhibited multiple morphologies including unusual cubic and cuboids-like shapes, and normal spherical shapes, which could be controlled by the formation conditions. Wide-angle X-ray scattering studies showed that these nanoparticles were amorphous in nature but a small crystalline phase existed and the crystallinity of particles increased with the decrease of initial formation concentration. Pyrene was employed as a model hydrophobic agent to examine the encapsulation ability of the polymer with respect to hydrophobic agents in aqueous media. The loading level of the polymer with respect to pyrene was 4.4 mg/g, indicating that the thermally responsive amphiphilic polymer would be able to be used for the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs.     

基于清晰集定性比较分析的地方政府县域医共体创新实践影响因素及其组合路径分析

背景地方政府创新的影响因素分析一直是地方治理创新研究的重要议题。目的探究影响地方政府县域医共体创新实践的因素，并分析其组合路径。方法于2021年3月，以中国医院协会医共体分会举办的第二届"寻找县域医共体实践价值案例"评选活动的初选结果为案例源，将"政策创新类型"作为结果变量（中央主导型创新/地方回应型创新=0，地方自发型创新=1），以经济发展水平、行政层级、地理区位、问题属性及平台作为条件变量，采用清晰集定性比较分析（csQCA）法，通过必要条件分析、充分条件组合分析，探究影响地方政府县域医共体创新实践的因素并构建地方政府县域医共体创新实践的影响路径模型。结果5个条件变量一致性均<0.9，即经济发展水平、行政层级、地理区位、问题属性及平台均不是地方自发型创新的必要条件。条件变量组合分析（基于中间解）结果显示，共得到5组前因条件组合，分别为：经济发展水平*~地理区位*平台，行政层级*~地理区位*平台，经济发展水平*问题属性*平台，~经济发展水平*地理区位*~问题属性*平台，经济发展水平*行政层级*地理区位*问题属性（*表示"且"，~表示"非"）。5组前因条件组合一致性指标均为1，原始覆盖率为0.14~0.43，净覆盖率为0.14~0.43，总体覆盖率为1。地方政府县域医共体创新实践主要呈现出两类模式，即平台型创新模式和动机型创新模式。结论若要实现高水平的医共体创新实践，应该关注政策与当地经济发展水平之间的强相关性，激活地方政府的主动创新意愿，以及加强对县域医共体的平台支持。本研究对于理解地方政府县域医共体创新实践的机理乃至地方政府创新都具有一定价值。     

滇中地区伴发焦虑症状的抑郁障碍患者临床调查研究

目的:探讨伴发焦虑症状的抑郁障碍患者临床特征,分析其相关因素.方法:选择2017年1 月至2018年12月云南省多家精神病专科医院600例符合ICD-10抑郁障碍诊断标准的住院患者,根据是否伴发焦虑症状分为单纯抑郁组和抑郁伴发焦虑组.通过一般情况问卷和量表筛查,对其临床特征进行分析,找出抑郁障碍伴发焦虑症状患者的临床特征.结果:单因素分析发现2组患者在性格、有无起病前的生活事件及家族(遗传)史方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).在性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻情况、家庭环境等方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).2组的汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)总分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).其各因子失眠障碍、焦虑/躯体化、认知障碍等方面差比较异有统计学意义(P<0.01),抑郁伴发焦虑组明显高于单纯抑郁组.2组在体质量减轻、迟滞等方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).在汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA-14)各因子中,精神性焦虑和躯体性焦虑在2组中均有统计学差异(P<0.05),抑郁伴发焦虑组明显高于单纯抑郁组.多因素分析发现,性格、有无起病前的生活事件、家族史对伴发焦虑症状的抑郁障碍有显著影响(P<0.05),为其发病的危险因素.结论:抑郁障碍常伴发焦虑,患者具有症状重、社会功能损害明显、预后差的特征,需引起临床重视.     

超声多模态技术对非哺乳期乳腺炎与乳腺癌的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨常规超声结合超声造影以及弹性成像对非哺乳期乳腺炎和乳腺癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析58例乳腺癌、52例非哺乳期乳腺炎的常规超声、超声造影和弹性成像的声像图表现。结果:非哺乳期乳腺炎组和乳腺癌组两种病灶的BI-RADS分级及弹性成像评分、造影增强模式比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:仅通过二维超声诊断非哺乳期乳腺炎和乳腺癌经常会导致误诊,而结合超声造影以及超声弹性成像则能够更好地进行鉴别诊断。     

量化管理在护理质量监管中的应用

目的:探讨护理质量监管的方法。方法近年来,在护理质量的监管中,对护理质量指标采用系统数据量化的方法,进行考核考评,并将2005年与2006年护理质量的成绩进行比较。结果:前后两年的成绩有显著性差异,2006年的成绩显著优于2005年(均P﹤0.01)。结论:量化监管明显促进了护理质量的提高。     

Surrogate decision-making and related issues

This article discusses the role of surrogate decision-makers for persons who are cognitively impaired and cannot give informed consent. Questions raised follow. Is surrogate consent in research analogous to proxy consent in health care? What are some issues in surrogate consent? How does the risk-benefit ratio affect the consent process? What are the investigator's responsibilities regarding surrogate consent? Issues discussed include advance directives, durable power of attorney, legally authorized representatives, substituted judgment, double informed consent, responsibilities of surrogates, and barriers to informed consent. The article ends with recommendations to clarify state and national laws, change research designs, and establish a national mechanism for reviewing promising research that is usually prohibited.