跨步或不跨步下的前弓步和侧弓步动作中的髌股关节压力与应力(二)

结果 髌股关节的压力与应力随膝关节屈曲角度的增加而升高,随膝关节屈曲角度的减小而降低(图3～8).不同膝关节屈曲角度下弓步变化和跨步变化的髌股关节压力见表1.     

General and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: It is controversial whether the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia is better characterized as generalized or as reflecting relatively independent deficits in different cognitive domains. The issue has implications for assessment practice, intervention design, and the exploration of schizophrenia genetics. METHODS: We used a specialized structural equation modeling approach, single common factor analysis, to explore the relative importance of generalized versus independent cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Eighteen subtest scores from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and the Wechsler Memory Scale-III were included in the analysis. We analyzed these data for 97 schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder outpatients and 87 healthy control subjects. RESULTS: Approximately two thirds of the overall effect of a schizophrenia diagnosis on cognitive performance was mediated through a single common factor. The Wechsler subtest scores showed almost uniformly strong relationships with this factor. The independent associations of group status with the subtest scores were smaller in magnitude and only selectively significant. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively greater magnitude of illness effects mediated through the common factor in this analysis, compared with the specific, independent effects, suggests that a generalized cognitive deficit is a core feature of schizophrenia.     

Nonoperative treatment ofacromioclavicular joint injuries

Nonoperative treatment is generally the choice for Type I and II acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries. The situation issomewhat more controversial when Type III AC dislocations are considered, particularly with respect to athletes and heavy laborers. A number of recent studies have supported conservative treatment in these groups. There is general consensus as to the need for surgical intervention for Type IV, V, and VI AC injuries. Integral to any form of management, nonoperative or operative, is a rehabilitation program that addresses range of motion, strength, and neuromuscular control. We describe our program, which is divided into four phases: (1) Pain control and immediate protected range of motion and isometric exercises; (2) strengthening exercises using isotonic contractions and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) exercises; (3) Unrestricted functional participation with the goal of increasing strength, power, endurance, and neuromuscular control; and (4) return to activity with sport specific functional drills. An athlete is ready to return to competitive sports once the following criteria are met: full range of motion (ROM), no pain or tenderness, satisfactory clinical exam, and demonstration of adequate strength on isokinetic testing. The unique considerations in a throwing athlete with an AC injury are also addressed. The primary goal of the nonoperative treatment protocol is to return the athlete to full activities as quickly and as safely as possible.     

A prospective treatment study of premenstrual symptoms using a triphasic oral contraceptive.

Eighty-two women with complaints of moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms were recruited for a double-blind, controlled trial of a triphasic oral contraceptive (o.c.). Subjects made daily ratings of symptoms for at least one baseline cycle and were then randomly assigned to receive either placebo or o.c. for three months. Twenty-three women dropped out of the study (18 o.c., 5 placebo), 13 failed to show prospective confirmation of moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms, and one placebo subject had an anovulatory cycle. Forty-five women with prospectively-confirmed premenstrual changes (20 o.c., 25 placebo) completed the study. Premenstrual breast pain and bloating were significantly reduced with active treatment compared to placebo (p less than 0.03) but there were no beneficial effects of the o.c. over placebo for any of the mood symptoms. Women who received o.c.s reported decreased sexual interest after starting treatment and this effect was independent of any adverse influence on mood.     

Detrimental effects of cigarette smoking on lower extremity wound healing

The authors review the detrimental effects of cigarette smoke and its constituents to normal physiology. Nicotine and carbon monoxide, principle components of cigarette smoke appear to exert an influence on wound repair by inhibiting epithelization, damaging blood cellular components, and creating a cellular hypoxia. Recommendations for perioperative cessation of smoking by the patient are made.     

Latex condom deterioration accelerated by environmental factors: I. Ozone

Commercial non-lubricated latex condoms were unpackaged and exposed in an environmental chamber to ozone levels (0.3 ppm) commonly present in urban smog conditions. Deterioration was observed by scanning electron microscopy after 18 hours exposure. Loss of mechanical strength was quantitated by measurement of the air pressures necessary to burst the condom and volumes at burst. After 24 hours exposure to ozone the latex surface was covered with craters and after 48 hours the pressure required to burst the condom was 44% that of control samples. Data suggest the need for study of the effectiveness of lubrication and packaging in protecting condoms from environmental factors which may accelerate deterioration.     

Bilateral acute confluent disseminated choroiditis in Borrelia burgdorferi infection

Two patients with bilateral extensive confluent choroidal lesions, exudative retinal detachments, positive lyme serology and a typical history are documented: A 32-year-old woman presented 14 days after a "flu-like" illness with bilateral acute extensive choroidal lesions and exudative retinal detachments (OD from 5 to 8:30 o'clock, OS from 5 to 8 o'clock, both including the macula) accompanied by a mild lymphocytic meningitis. The laboratory work-up revealed increased serum and CSF titers of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme immunofluorescent test (IFT) and Lyme-IgM IFT) which declined after a 14-day treatment with doxycycline (200 mg/d), CSF titers non-detectable (serum IgG: from 1:640 to 1:320, serum IgM: from 1:40 to 1:20). A distinct improvement with visual acuity increasing from OD 0.2/OS 0.3 p to OD/OS 0.8 p was observed after seven days of treatment. A 40-year-old man with a 14-day history of tick-bite developed the same, though more severe ocular findings and a lymphocytic meningitis. The serological work-up revealed increased antibody titers against Borrelia burgdorferi (ELISA); the IgM titer was normal. After a 10-day treatment with penicillin, antibody titers against the spirochete decreased slightly and the patient's neurologic and ophthalmologic status improved dramatically. Five weeks after admission visual acuity was OD/OS 0.5 (compared to OD/OS 0.1) and has remained at 0.8 p (OD/OS) since the ninth week after onset. The clinical course of the disease and the decreasing lyme serology strongly suggest an infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. The authors propose thorough laboratory work-ups including tests for Lyme disease in selected patients with diffuse choroidal lesions.