Xanthogranulomatous orchitis: Review of the published work and report of one case

Xanthogranulomatous orchitis is an extremely rare inflammatory non-neoplastic destructive lesion of the testis. We report a 44-year-old man who presented with right scrotal swelling and two discharging sinuses. Testicular tumor markers were normal. Scrotal ultrasound showed heterogeneous testicular areas and irregular margin of the tunica. Surgical exploration revealed infected, unhealthy testicular tissue with necrosis and tumor-like lesion. Orchidectomy was done and histopathology showed xanthogranulomatous orchitis.     

Magnum system for routine coronary angioplasty: A randomized study

The Magnum system, initially designed for coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of chronic total occlusion, consists of a balloon catheter and a solid steel 0.021 inch (0.53 mm) steerable and removable wire with a soft and moldable distal portion, tipped with a 1 mm olive. To evaluate its performance in routine PTCA, 200 unselected consecutive patients were randomized to two equal groups, i.e., group Magnum (100 patients, 115 vessels) and group Standard (100 patients, 118 vessels) including 18 and 21 patients with chronic total occlusions, respectively. Randomization was performed by the sealed envelope system in the catheterization laboratory and crossover of system was imposed if it was not possible to place a balloon correctly within 20 min of fluoroscopy time. There were no significant differences between groups concerning clinical and angiographic baseline characteristics, size of initial balloons (3.0±0.3 mm in both groups), fluoroscopy time to cross the lesion with the wire (Magnum: 4±5, Standard: 5±6 min), total fluoroscopy time (Magnum: 11 ± 9, Standard: 12±12 min), and need for crossover (Magnum: 10%, Standard: 16%). Success rates per lesion were comparable with 90% in group Magnum and 84% in group Standard, as were the complications with one inhospital death in group Standard, occurring three weeks after PTCA and stent implantation. There was no emergency operation. Six patients per group had myocardial infarction of whom two in group Magnum and one in group Standard developed a Q-wave. The following variables were significantly in favor of the Magnum system compared with the Standard system: success rate in nontotal lesions (97% versus 90%) crossover success in total occlusions (0 vs. 33%), fluoroscopy time to cross the lesion with the balloon once the wire was in place (1 ± 2 vs. 2 ± 4 min), and use of a single versus 1.2±0.5 wires per lesion. The only advantage of the Standard systems was the more common use of 7 French guiding catheters (Magnum: 40%, Standard: 53%, p = 0.09). The Magnum system compares favorably with standard systems for routine PTCA. The robust design of the Magnum wire does not impair ease of placement and safety but saves material and facilitates balloon advancement across the lesion.     

Feasibility of cranio-spinal axis radiation with the Hi-Art tomotherapy system.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Helical tomotherapy can eliminate the need for junction lines. The goal of this study is to evaluate tomotherapy in the delivery of CSA radiation and measurement of plan quality using physical parameters in comparing conventional (CSA-RT) and helical tomotherapy (CSA-TOMO) plans. PATIENTS AND METHODS: CSA-TOMO and CSA-RT plans were created for dosimetric comparison. Integral dose values were calculated. The ratios D50% (dose received by 50% of the organ at risk's volume) and D10% (dose received by 10% of the organ at risk's volume) were calculated representing large volumes and small volumes of organs at risk receiving significant dose. RESULTS: When considering D50% and D10%, CSA-TOMO has a dosimetric advantage over CSA-RT for most organs at risk. The body integral dose was higher for the CSA-TOMO plan by approximately 6.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Tomotherapy is a feasible alternative for treatment of CSA. Analysis shows that tomotherapy improves dose ratios over conventional radiation for most organs at risk. The impact of a small increase in whole body integral dose is unknown. Long-term follow-up will be needed to answer this question as others have argued of the possibility of increased risk of secondary malignancies due to delivery of radiotherapy with IMRT.     

Helicobacter pylori does not require Lewis X or Lewis Y expression to colonize C3H/HeJ mice

Helicobacter pylori strains frequently express Lewis X (Le(x)) and/or Le(y) on their cell surfaces as constituents of the O antigens of their lipopolysaccharide molecules. To assess the effect of Le(x) and Le(y) expression on the ability of H. pylori to colonize the mouse stomach and to adhere to epithelial cells, isogenic mutants were created in which fucT1 alone or fucT1 and fucT2, which encode the fucosyl transferases necessary for Le(x) and Le(y) expression, were deleted. C3H/HeJ mice were experimentally challenged with either wild-type 26695 H. pylori or its isogenic mutants. All strains, whether passaged in the laboratory or recovered after mouse passage, colonized the mice well and without consistent differences. During colonization by the mutants, there was no reversion to wild type. Similarly, adherence to AGS and KatoIII cells was unaffected by the mutations. Together, these findings indicate that Le expression is not necessary for mouse gastric colonization or for H. pylori adherence to epithelial cells.     

Levels of cytokine in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in patients with pulmonary fibrosis due to sulfur mustard gas inhalation.

This study was designed to analyze cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and was performed at a University hospital. Nineteen veterans had mustard gas-induced PF, and 19 normal veterans were used as a control group. Chest roentgenograms, pulmonary function tests (PFTs), the percentage diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (D(LCO)), high-resolution CT scans of the chest, and analyses of BAL fluids for five cytokines interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-12, and the growth factors transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were performed in all cases. A transbronchial lung biopsy was done in all patients. There were significant differences in cytokine (IL-8, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-12) levels of BAL fluid between patients with PF and healthy controls. TGF-beta, EGF, and IGF-1 levels were also significantly increased in patients with PF compared with controls. A significant negative correlation was observed between the percentage of D(LCO) and IL-8 levels in BAL fluid in patients with PF (r = -0.47, p = 0.04). A significant negative correlation was also seen between the percentage of D(LCO) and TGF-beta (r = 0.53, p = 0.02) in these patients. Except for the percentage and the absolute number of the BAL fluid neutrophils (r = 0.70, p = 0.001 and r = -0.62, p = 0.005, respectively), no correlation was found between D(LCO)% and the other BAL cells. Of all measured cytokines and growth factors, only IL-8 and TGF-beta showed a significant correlation with the degree of fibrosis (p = 0.004, p = 0.04). The increased levels of cytokines and growth factors in the BAL fluid suggest the possible causative mechanism in the lung in sulfur mustard gas-induced PF by recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils into the lung.     

Gut Hormones in Health and Obesity: The Upcoming Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids

We are currently facing an obesity pandemic, with worldwide obesity rates having tripled since 1975. Obesity is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases, which are now the leading cause of death worldwide. This calls for urgent action towards understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the development of obesity as well as developing more effective treatments and interventions. Appetite is carefully regulated in humans via the interaction between the central nervous system and peripheral hormones. This involves a delicate balance in external stimuli, circulating satiating and appetite stimulating hormones, and correct functioning of neuronal signals. Any changes in this equilibrium can lead to an imbalance in energy intake versus expenditure, which often leads to overeating, and potentially weight gain resulting in overweight or obesity. Several lines of research have shown imbalances in gut hormones are found in those who are overweight or obese, which may be contributing to their condition. Therefore, this review examines the evidence for targeting gut hormones in the treatment of obesity by discussing how their dysregulation influences food intake, the potential possibility of altering the circulating levels of these hormones for treating obesity, as well as the role of short chain fatty acids and protein as novel treatments.     

A Simple Rheological Method for the in Vitro Assessment of Mucin-Polymer Bioadhesive Bond Strength

A simple viscometric method was used to quantify mucin-polymer bioadhesive bond strength. Viscosities of 15% (w/v) porcine gastric mucin dispersions in 0.1 N HC1 (pH 1) or 0.1 N acetate buffer (pH 5.5) were measured with a Brookfield viscometer in the absence (_m) or presence (_t) of selected neutral, anionic, and cationic polymers (0.1–2.5%, w/v). Viscosity components of bioadhesion (1%) were calculated from the equation, _t = _m + _p + _b, where _p is the viscosity of corresponding pure polymer solution as measured by an Ostwald viscometer. The forces of bioadhesion (F) were calculated from the equation, F = _b, where is the rate of shear/sec. _b's and F's for polyelectrolytes, e.g., polyacrylic acid, cationic gelatin, and chitosan were always higher in acetate buffer than in HC1. Validity of the technique and the effect of ionic charge, polymer conformation, and rate of shear on _b and F are discussed, as is a comparison of this method to other methods for evaluating bioadhesive materials.     

Toll- like receptor 2 polymorphism and IL-6 profile in relation to disease progression in chronic HBV infection: a case control study in Egyptian patients

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has a wide range of outcomes depending on host immune responses mainly Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling and released cytokines. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) may influence the course of CHB. We aimed to elucidate the relation between TLR-2 polymorphism, IL-6 profile, and CHB progression. We analyzed TLR-2 polymorphism (SNP; rs3804099) in 185 CHB patients and 60 controls using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Serum IL-6 levels were assessed by ELISA. IL-6 levels were considerably higher in active CHB and cirrhotic patients compared with inactive carriers and controls (P < 0.001). IL-6 showed positive correlation with ALT and advanced fibrosis in active CHB patients (r = 0.31, P = 0.02). A significant positive correlation was noticed between IL-6 and HBV DNA PCR in all CHB groups. TT genotype of rs3804099/TLR-2 was significantly more prevalent in inactive carriers compared to active hepatitis patients (P = 0.04, OR = 0.39 and 95% CI: 0.16–0.95). Both heterozygous CT and mutant TT genotypes were significantly more frequent among inactive carriers compared to cirrhotic patients (P = 0.01, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13–0.81 and P = 0.009, OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13–0.77). TT genotype was significantly related to lower IL-6 levels in active hepatitis and cirrhotic groups (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively) showing that TLR mutations would be associated with milder hepatitis activity and lower possibility for disease progression. There may be a positive association between TLR2 rs3804099 polymorphism and hepatitis B activity. IL-6 is a good indicator of CHB disease progression.