Tailored Intervention for Smoking Reduction and Cessation for Young and Socially Disadvantaged Women During Pregnancy

Rates of smoking during pregnancy remain high in Canada, and cessation rates are low among women who are younger than 24 years and who are socially disadvantaged, that is, have few social and economic resources because of poverty, violence, or mental health issues. On the basis of findings from literature reviews and consultation with policy makers, we developed and operationalized four approaches that can be used by health care providers to tailor interventions for tobacco use in pregnancy. These four approaches are woman centered, trauma informed, harm reducing, and equitable. Public health initiatives that address smoking in young and socially disadvantaged women could be more sharply focused by shifting to such tailored approaches that are grounded in social justice aims, span pre- and postpregnancy periods, and can be used to address women’s social contexts and concerns.     

Chondrons from articular cartilage. III. Morphologic changes in the cellular microenvironment of chondrons isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage

Chondrons were isolated from human and canine osteoarthritic cartilage using low-speed homogenization techniques. Changes in chondron morphology were evaluated using differential interference-contrast microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, and histochemical and ultrastructural methods. Chondrocyte viability was assessed using fluorescein diacetate staining, and chondron metabolism was investigated using autoradiography. The results suggest that initial changes in the collagen and proteoglycan distribution within the chondron are followed by chondrocyte proliferation to form clusters. These techniques offer the potential to study cell matrix interactions in degenerative osteoarthritis.     

Copper deficiency during parenteral nutrition: a report of four pediatric cases.

The standard of care for patients with cholestasis (direct bilirubin >or=2 mg/dL) while receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions is to reduce or discontinue the copper and manganese. The repercussions of this action have not been studied. Two adult case reports document low serum copper levels associated with clinical symptoms of copper deficiency after the removal of copper from their PN solutions. We now describe the first known series of pediatric patients to develop copper deficiency after copper was removed from their PN solutions.     

Peripheral analgesic activities of peptides related to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and interleukin-1 beta 193-195.

1. The hyperalgesic effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured in rats. 2. Hyperalgesic responses to IL-1 beta were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-related peptides with the following order of potency: [N1(4),D-Phe7]alpha-MSH greater than alpha-MSH greater than Lys-D-Pro-Val greater than Lys-Pro-Val greater than Lys-D-Pro-Thr greater than D-Lys-Pro-Thr. 3. Hyperalgesic responses to PGE2 were not inhibited by Lys-D-Pro-Thr and D-Lys-Pro-Thr but were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the other peptides with the same order of potency as against IL-1 beta. 4. The potencies of [N1(4), D-Phe7]alpha-MSH and alpha-MSH were greatly diminished by deletion of their C-terminal tripeptide, Lys11-Pro-Val13. 5. Nor-binaltorphimine (Nor-BNI) largely reversed the analgesic effects of alpha-MSH, [N1(4), D-Phe7]alpha-MSH, Lys-Pro-Val and Lys-D-Pro-Val indicating that kappa-opioid receptors mediated the analgesic activity of these peptides. 6. Nor-BNI did not antagonize the inhibition by Lys-D-Pro-Thr and D-Lys-Pro-Thr of IL-1 beta evoked hyperalgesia indicating that these peptides were not acting via kappa-opioid receptors.     

The effect on the ear of late closure of the cleft hard palate

Thirty-three patients with cleft palate are reviewed. The late effects on the ear of delayed closure of the hard palate after early soft palate repair are compared with the results of simultaneous early closure of both hard and soft palate clefts. Delayed closure of the hard palate does not affect the incidence of otitis media, the number of insertions of ventilation tubes or the findings on otoscopy. The prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss is significantly raised by late closure of the hard palate. The reason for this is unknown.