“Driven and Tense,Stressed Out and Anxious”: Clinicians’ Perceptions of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Expressions in Adults with Autism and Intellectual Disability

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) seem to be at increased risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but knowledge is sparse regarding its identification in this population. Previous research indicates that certain symptoms of PTSD may be more easily recognized, and that identifying reexperiencing and avoidance is particularly challenging.     

The Strength of a Loosely Defined Movement: Eugenics and Medicine in Imperial Russia

This essay examines the ‘infiltration’ of eugenics into Russian medical discourse during the formation of the eugenics movement in western Europe and North America in 1900–17. It describes the efforts of two Russian physicians, the bacteriologist and hygienist Nikolai Gamaleia (1859–1949) and the psychiatrist Tikhon Iudin (1879–1949), to introduce eugenics to the Russian medical community, analysing in detail what attracted these representatives of two different medical specialties to eugenic ideas, ideals, and policies advocated by their western colleagues. On the basis of a close examination of the similarities and differences in Gamaleia’s and Iudin’s attitudes to eugenics, the essay argues that lack of cohesiveness gave the early eugenics movement a unique strength. The loose mix of widely varying ideas, ideals, methods, policies, activities and proposals covered by the umbrella of eugenics offered to a variety of educated professionals in Russia and elsewhere the possibility of choosing, adopting and adapting particular elements to their own national, professional, institutional and disciplinary contexts, interests and agendas.     

Sexual dimorphism in shape and size of the neurocranium

International Journal of Legal Medicine - Sex identification is a primary step in forensic analysis of skeletal remains. The accuracy of sex estimation methods greatly depends on the sexual...     

Spinal epidural hematoma. Report of a case and review of the literature

We report the case of a thoracic epidural hematoma at the T7-T9 level which occurred after placement of spinal epidural catheter for continuous anaesthesia in acute pancreatitis. The male patient felt a sudden back pain after six days of successful analgesia and became paraplegic 24 hours afterwards. An emergency laminectomy and removal of the hematoma were performed; however, the patient recovered only incompletely.We discuss the clinical signs and symptoms of spinal epidural hematoma as well as its diagnostics and therapy. The controversial views from the literature concernings its etiology are critically reviewed.     

Unilateral congenital elongation of the cervical part of the internal carotid artery with kinking and looping: two case reports and review of the literature

Unilateral and bilateral variation in the course and elongation of the cervical (extracranial) part of the internal carotid artery (ICA) leading to its tortuosity, kinking and coiling or looping is not a rare condition, which could be caused by both embryological and acquired factors. Patients with such variations may be asymptomatic in some cases; in others, they can develop cerebrovascular symptoms due to carotid stenosis affecting cerebral circulation. The risk of transient ischemic attacks in patients with carotid stenosis is high and its surgical correction is indicated for the prevention of ischemic stroke. Detection of developmental variations of the ICA and evaluation of its stenotic areas is very important for surgical interventions and involves specific diagnostic imaging techniques for vascular lesions including contrast arteriography, duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography. Examination of obtained images in cases of unusual and complicated variations of vascular pattern of the ICA may lead to confusion in interpretation of data. Awareness about details and topographic anatomy of variations of the ICA may serve as a useful guide for both radiologists and vascular surgeons. It may help to prevent diagnostic errors, influence surgical tactics and interventional procedures and avoid complications during the head and neck surgery. Our present study was conducted with a purpose of updating data about developmental variations of the ICA. Dissections of the main neurovascular bundle of the head and neck were performed on a total 14 human adult cadavers (10 – Africans: 7 males & 3 females and 4 – East Indians: all males). Two cases of unilateral congenital elongation of the cervical part of the ICA with kinking and looping and carotid stenoses were found only in African males. Here we present their detailed case reports with review of the literature.     

How oral surgeons learn: an epistemological investigation

The elements of knowledge required for the successful management of patients at high risk for bacterial endocarditis were used to construct a scale that was the dependent variable in a study designed to investigate factors influencing the knowledge level of oral surgeons. A telephone interview was used to collect data from a sample of New York State members of he AAOMS. Analyses of these data showed comparatively high knowledge levels among respondents. Variations in knowledge were accounted for by age, access to highly reviewed journals, career patterns that maximized the opportunity for continuous professional interaction with colleagues, and a predilection for being up-to-date. The latter, in turn, was correlated with additional opportunities for integration into a community of oral surgeons.     

Evaluation of the debonding characteristics of 2 ceramic brackets: an in vitro study.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the shear bond strengths and bond failure locations of 2 currently available orthodontic ceramic brackets. Forty polycrystalline ceramic brackets (Clarity, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) and 40 monocrystalline ceramic brackets (Inspire, Ormco, Orange, Calif) were bonded to 80 extracted premolars with the same bonding system. All bonded specimens were placed in distilled water for 42 hours at 37 degrees C followed by thermal cycling for 700 complete cycles. Forty ceramic brackets, 20 of each type, were tested on a universal testing machine to determine the shear force levels required to debond them. Forty ceramic brackets were removed with the debonding pliers recommended by the manufacturers. All teeth were examined under an optical microscope, and the adhesive remnant index was used to assess the bond failure locations. The mean shear bond strength of the Clarity brackets was 21.67 +/- 5.19 MPa, and the mean shear bond strength of the Inspire brackets was 20.32 +/- 8 MPa. The mean shear bond strengths of both brackets were higher than those considered clinically optimal. Most of the brackets (85% of Clarity and 75% of Inspire) tested on the machine failed at the bracket-adhesive interface. One premolar bonded with an Inspire bracket had enamel fracture upon debonding. Most of the brackets (90% of Clarity and 95% of Inspire) debonded with pliers failed at the bracket-adhesive interface. No enamel damage was evident in any specimen when the brackets were removed with the appropriate pliers. The results indicate that the safest way to remove ceramic brackets with respect to reducing the chance of enamel damage is to use the debonding technique specifically designed for each.     

Energy spectra of poly(arylenevinylene)s containing different aromatic units

The energy gaps of poly(p-arylenevinylene)s with phenylene, naphthylene and anthrylene subunits are determined by extrapolating the UV/VIS spectroscopic data of the oligomers. The band structure of the three polymers was theoretically investigated. The topology-, geometry- and correlation-factors were determined upon which the energy spectra of this class of one-dimensional π-electron systems depend.     

Conformation of Replicated Segments of Chromosome Fibres in Human S-phase Nucleus

Recent statistical analysis of the folding of G0/G1 chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allowed development of a random walk/giant loop model of chromosome structure. According to this model there are two levels of organization of G0/G1 chromosome fibres. On the first level, the fibres are arranged in giant loops several Mbp in size, and within each loop the fibres are randomly folded. On the second level, the loop attachment sites form a chromosome backbone that also shows random folding. Newly replicated segments of mammalian chromosomes may be directly visualized at high resolution in S-phase nuclei using immunofluorescent methods and appear as worm-like fibres. In our earlier study, we analysed conformation of the fibres in human cells blocked for 16 h at the G1/S boundary with 5- fluorodeoxyuridine (FdU) and then released into S-phase by the addition of a DNA prec ursor. However, long treatment of cells with FdU induces very short replicons and may promote apoptosis. In this study we analysed conformation of the fibres in normally proliferating human cells that had not been blocked with FdU for a long time. It has been found that replicated chromosome fibres visualized just after 2 h of incubation of the cells with a non-radioactively labelled DNA precursor behave as flexible polymer chains without major constraints, and that their local conformation in the range of several microns of their contour length may be considered as random. Confocal analysis of human X chromosomes visualized in HeLa cells using FISH with a specific painting probe shows that in S-phase the chromosomes occupy distinct nuclear territories and their apparent size does not differ from that in non-S-phase cells. This observation indicates that the second level of chromosome organization also exists in S-phase chromosomes. It appears, theref ore, that the random walk/giant loop model developed earlier for G0/G1 chromosomes is also valid for S-phase chromosomes.