全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2443篇 |
免费 | 174篇 |
国内免费 | 18篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 12篇 |
儿科学 | 63篇 |
妇产科学 | 63篇 |
基础医学 | 417篇 |
口腔科学 | 17篇 |
临床医学 | 258篇 |
内科学 | 528篇 |
皮肤病学 | 35篇 |
神经病学 | 245篇 |
特种医学 | 42篇 |
外科学 | 290篇 |
综合类 | 21篇 |
一般理论 | 3篇 |
预防医学 | 204篇 |
眼科学 | 70篇 |
药学 | 182篇 |
中国医学 | 12篇 |
肿瘤学 | 173篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 43篇 |
2021年 | 57篇 |
2020年 | 35篇 |
2019年 | 68篇 |
2018年 | 61篇 |
2017年 | 42篇 |
2016年 | 42篇 |
2015年 | 46篇 |
2014年 | 75篇 |
2013年 | 116篇 |
2012年 | 173篇 |
2011年 | 165篇 |
2010年 | 89篇 |
2009年 | 91篇 |
2008年 | 157篇 |
2007年 | 191篇 |
2006年 | 167篇 |
2005年 | 158篇 |
2004年 | 163篇 |
2003年 | 135篇 |
2002年 | 155篇 |
2001年 | 18篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 15篇 |
1998年 | 23篇 |
1997年 | 21篇 |
1996年 | 13篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1985年 | 13篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
1972年 | 6篇 |
1958年 | 6篇 |
1954年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有2635条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
2.
Muriel Mitcheson Brown 《British Journal of Psychotherapy》2006,22(4):463-470
ABSTRACT Freud's paper on the Schreber Case is considered from a contemporary perspective drawing on the object relations theorists. Some of Winnicott's ideas are used to illustrate how one might understand Schreber's predicament today. Although Freud's views on the role of repressed homosexual longings in the aetiology of Schreber's illness are not endorsed his prescience in the search for meaning in the patient's discourse is applauded. 相似文献
3.
Muriel Wisniewski Alain Le Borgne Nicolas Spassky 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》1997,198(4):1227-1238
The polymerization of lactides with various D /L enantiomeric compositions using achiral Schiff's base/aluminium methoxide as initiator (SALENAlOCH3) in dichloromethane solution at 70°C is reported. The conversion was kept below 70% in order to limit transesterification reactions. The polymers obtained after precipitation show a narrow molecular weight distribution (ratio of weight- to number-average molecular weights M w/M n = 1,1–1,2) and an optical rotation higher than that expected from the optical purity of the starting monomers. The examination of the thermal properties reveals that whatever their enantiomeric composition all the prepared polymers are crystalline. This unusual behavior is explained by an end-chain propagation mechanism producing stereocopolymers with long enantiomeric sequences, i.e., increased isotacticity as substantiated by an examination of the microstructure of the polymers by means of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. A stereocomplex formation was observed for stereocopolymers with optical purities below 40%. 相似文献
4.
5.
Murine Dendritic Cells Pulsed In Vitro with Toxoplasma gondii Antigens Induce Protective Immunity In Vivo 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8 下载免费PDF全文
Isabelle Bourguin Muriel Moser Dominique Buzoni-Gatel Franoise Tielemans Daniel Bout Jacques Urbain Oberdan Leo 《Infection and immunity》1998,66(10):4867-4874
The activation of a predominant T-helper-cell subset plays a critical role in disease resolution. In the case of Toxoplasma gondii, the available evidence indicates that CD4+ protective cells belong to the Th1 subset. The aim of this study was to determine whether T. gondii antigens (in T. gondii sonicate [TSo]) presented by splenic dendritic cells (DC) were able to induce a specific immune response in vivo and to protect CBA/J mice orally challenged with T. gondii cysts. CBA/J mice immunized with TSo-pulsed DC exhibited significantly fewer cysts in their brains after oral infection with T. gondii 76K than control mice did. Protected mice developed a strong humoral response in vivo, with especially high levels of anti-TSo immunoglobulin G2a antibodies in serum. T. gondii antigens such as SAG1 (surface protein), SAG2 (surface protein), MIC1 (microneme protein), ROP2 through ROP4 (rhoptry proteins), and MIC2 (microneme protein) were recognized predominantly. Furthermore, DC loaded with TSo, which synthesized high levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), triggered a strong cellular response in vivo, as assessed by the proliferation of lymph node cells in response to TSo restimulation in vitro. Cellular proliferation was associated with gamma interferon and IL-2 production. Taken together, these results indicate that immunization of CBA/J mice with TSo-pulsed DC can induce both humoral and Th1-like cellular immune responses and affords partial resistance against the establishment of chronic toxoplasmosis. 相似文献
6.
A/J and C57BL/6J mice behave differently in tests for alcohol preference, open-field activity, defecation in the open field, cricket attacking, and rope climbing. Chimeric mice, i.e., mice containing both A/J cells and C57BL/6J cells, were constructed and tested for these behaviors. Patterns of behavior among A/JC57BL/6J chimeras are such as to suggest that none of these behavior differences is controlled by a single cell or clone and that the same cell population that gives rise to the strain difference in alcohol preference also gives rise to the differences in open-field activity and defecation, while separate cell populations control cricket killing and rope climbing.This research was supported by Research Grants AA 00388 and HD 03015 to M. N. N. and MH 18996 to K. B. Computing assistance was obtained from the Health Sciences Computing Facility, UCLA, supported by NIH Special Research Resources Grant RR-3. 相似文献
7.
dit Faute MA Laurent L Ploton D Poupon MF Jardillier JC Bobichon H 《Clinical & experimental metastasis》2002,19(2):161-168
Growth of human tumor cells as three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids modifies their invasive properties. Here we study the differences in the biological features of MCF-7, a human breast cancer cell line, and its multidrug resistant variant (MDR-MCF-7) cultured as spheroids or as monolayers. Three-dimensional culture decreased the proliferative rate of both cell lines, reduced the drug sensitivity of MCF-7 cells and did not affect the resistance of MDR-MCF-7 cells. Transmission electron microscopic studies and intercellular junctions labeling showed that MCF-7 spheroids had a junctional system involving E-cadherin, tight-junctions and desmosomes. In MDR-MCF-7 cell spheroids, cell cohesion was mostly due to membrane interdigitations. MDR-MCF-7 cells, but not their parental counterpart, displayed a higher invasive potential when cultured as spheroids, as shown in the Boyden chamber assay. 3D-induced invasiveness was correlated with serine protease and plasminogen activator (PA) secretion. MCF-7 cells did not show any tendency to invade, whatever the mode of culture. These results show that 3D-cultures as spheroids distinctively altered structural features of parental and MDR-MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 cells, 3D-culture increased cell-cell contacts and drug resistance; in MDR-MCF-7 cells, it induced invasive properties. 相似文献
8.
Muriel Moser Thibaut De Smedt Thierry Sornasse Franoise Tielemans Aziz Alami Chentoufi Eric Muraille Marcelle Van Mechelen Jacques Urbain Oberdan Leo 《European journal of immunology》1995,25(10):2818-2824
Exogenous glucocorticoid hormones are widely used as therapeutical agents, whereas endogenous glucocorticoids may act as physiological immunosuppressants involved in the control of immune and inflammatory responses. The optimal activation of T lymphocytes requires two distinct signals: the major histocompatibility complex-restricted presentation of the antigen and an additional co-stimulatory signal provided by the antigen-presenting cells. There is ample evidence that, among the cells able to present the antigen, the dendritic cells (DC) have the unique property to activate antigen-specific, naive T cells in vitro and in vivo, and are therefore required for the induction of primary immune responses. In this work, we tested whether glucocorticoids affected the capacity of DC to sensitize naive T cells. Our data show that, in vitro, the steroid hormone analog dexamethasone (Dex) affects the viability of DC, selectively downregulates the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on viable DC, and strongly reduces their immunostimulatory properties. In vivo, a single injection of Dex results in impaired antigen presenting function, a finding which correlates with reduced numbers of splenic DC. These results show that glucocorticoids regulate DC maturation and immune function in vitro and in vivo and suggest that this mechanism may play a role in preventing overstimulation of the immune system. 相似文献
9.
Charles Frèche Francisque Leynadier Friedrich Horak David Hide Fernando Duce Gracia Manfred Goos Claus Bachert Attila Horvath Eva Antosova Muriel Verrecchia Paul Ben Soussen 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2002,89(3):304-310
BACKGROUND: Mizolastine is a nonsedating H1 histamine receptor antagonist with additional antiallergic properties currently marketed in Europe for the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) and urticaria. OBJECTIVE: This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mizolastine in PAR compared with loratadine and placebo. METHODS: After a 1-week placebo run-in period, 428 adult PAR patients received placebo (146 of 428), mizolastine 10 mg (141 of 428), or loratadine 10 mg (141 of 428) once daily for 28 days. Symptoms were evaluated by patients and physicians using a total nasal score, evaluating itching, rhinorrhea, nasal blockade, and sneezing severity. RESULTS: Mizolastine treatment resulted in a significantly greater decrease in patient-rated total nasal score than placebo after 2 weeks (D14; -42%, P < 0.001) and at the end of the treatment period (-46%, P = 0.01), and significantly greater than that observed with loratadine at D14 (P = 0.031). No significant difference in change in total nasal score was observed between loratadine and placebo at 2- and 4-week visits. The global safety was satisfactory and the incidence of adverse events was similar in the three treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Mizolastine provides effective symptom relief in PAR together with a satisfactory safety profile. Improvement with mizolastine was significantly greater than placebo throughout the study despite a large placebo effect. Also mizolastine's effects were greater those observed with loratadine after 2 weeks of treatment. 相似文献
10.
Fumino Iwata Ernest M. Kuehl George F. Reed Lessie M. McCain William A. Gahl Muriel I. Kaiser-Kupfer 《Molecular genetics and metabolism》1998,64(4):237-242
In nephropathic cystinosis, corneal cystine crystals cause severe photophobia and corneal erosions. Topical cysteamine dissolves these crystals, but cannot be marketed because it rapidly oxidizes to the disulfide form, cystamine, at room temperature. Since cystamine itself could be used commercially, we compared the efficacy of cystamine and cysteamine with respect to cystine crystal dissolution in a randomized, double-masked clinical trial. One eye each of 14 patients with cystinosis was randomized to either cystamine or cysteamine, 0.5%, with 0.01% benzalkonium chloride; the companion eye was treated with the alternate preparation. Corneal crystals were photographed and a density score was assigned to each slide based on 13 standard slides. After 8–20 months, 6 patients showed significant reduction of the corneal crystal score in only one eye. In each case, the improved eye was the cysteamine-treated eye. Theoretically, cysteamine should dissolve both intracellular and extracellular crystals, whereas cystamine should dissolve only intracellular crystals because it must first be reduced to the free thiol by the cytoplasmic-reducing environment. Hence, the lack of efficacy of the disulfide cystamine suggests that some corneal cystine crystals in cystinosis patients are extracellular, and that another form of stable, topical cysteamine must be developed for cystinosis patients. 相似文献