The impact of COVID-19 on liver injury in various age

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This disease is currently one of the most important global health problems. The novel coronavirus COVID-19 is a respiratory illness, that has caused a deadly pandemic that is spreading rapidly around the world. It is not only a respiratory system virus that causes severe lung disease, but also a systemic disease agent that can affect all systems. People with COVID-19 disease usually have respiratory signs, however, the liver disorder is not an uncommon presentation. In addition, many studies around the world have revealed that the liver is injured to various degrees in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 disease. This review mainly focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on Liver Injury at various ages.     

Women’s Self-Care in the Reproductive Age: An Essential Agenda

Archives of Sexual Behavior -     

Development of rapid PCR method for simultaneous identification of species, specific capsular type, and toxigenicity of Pasteurella sp. isolates

Toxigenicity, species, and type species of Pasteurella multocida isolates cannot be differentiated by morphology or standard biochemical reactions. A more rapid method is needed for P. multocida detection from clinical cases. These findings provide rapid insights into the characteristics of P. multocida isolates and suggest that this method can identify toxigenic and specific capsular type P. multocida. A PCR assay has been developed for rapid detection of P. multocida and differentiation of capsular types A and D. In this rapid method, kmt1, capA and capD, and toxA genes were amplified and a reliable multiplex PCR method for the detection of P. multocida in sheep and goats in the south of Iran was designed. Twenty isolates were obtained, which evinced characteristic morphological and cultural properties. Ten samples were identified simultaneously through the presence of the kmt1 gene as P. multocida species, the hydD–hydC gene as type A capsule, and the toxA gene as dermonecrotic toxin by mPCR, but none of them belonged to type D.     

The association between obesity and migraine in a population of Iranian adults: a case-control study

Aim

To assess the association between obesity and risk of migraine with aura and features of migraine attacks among a population of Iranian adults.

Segmentation of breast ultrasound images based on active contours using neutrosophic theory

Purpose

Ultrasound imaging is an effective approach for diagnosing breast cancer, but it is highly operator-dependent. Recent advances in computer-aided diagnosis have suggested that it can assist physicians in diagnosis. Definition of the region of interest before computer analysis is still needed. Since manual outlining of the tumor contour is tedious and time-consuming for a physician, developing an automatic segmentation method is important for clinical application.

Methods

The present paper represents a novel method to segment breast ultrasound images. It utilizes a combination of region-based active contour and neutrosophic theory to overcome the natural properties of ultrasound images including speckle noise and tissue-related textures. First, due to inherent speckle noise and low contrast of these images, we have utilized a non-local means filter and fuzzy logic method for denoising and image enhancement, respectively. This paper presents an improved weighted region-scalable active contour to segment breast ultrasound images using a new feature derived from neutrosophic theory.

Results

This method has been applied to 36 breast ultrasound images. It generates true-positive and false-positive results, and similarity of 95%, 6%, and 90%, respectively.

Conclusion

The purposed method indicates clear advantages over other conventional methods of active contour segmentation, i.e., region-scalable fitting energy and weighted region-scalable fitting energy.

     

Inhibition of HSP90 could be possible mechanism for anti-cancer property of amniotic membrane

Amniotic membrane (AM), the innermost layer of the fetal membrane, is considered as a suitable candidate for cancer therapy. In order to develop the AM as a new cancer therapeutic approach, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanism of the AM anti-cancer properties. Previous studies demonstrated that anti-proliferative effects of the AM on tumor cells were associated with induction of cell cycle arrest. Moreover, it has been shown that unknown substances in the AM induce apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibit angiogenesis in tumors. In contrast to the effects of the AM, heat shock proteins (HSPs), in particular HSP90, play a crucial role in development of tumorgenesis. HSP90 inhibits apoptosis in cancer cells and enhances angiogenesis and cell cycle progression. Based on the opposite effects of the amniotic membrane ingredients and HSP90, we hypothesized here that possible mechanism of the AM anti-cancer effects is through inhibition of HSP90.     

Evolution and species-specific conservation of toll-like receptors in terrestrial vertebrates

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known for their essential roles in promotion of innate immunity and induction of adaptive immunity through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). TLR genes are excellent models for the study of the selective pressure enforced by microorganisms on the host genome. Phylogenetic analyses have shown that interactions between pathogens and immune systems have changed during evolution. Selective pressure for maintenance of specific pathogen recognition has led to evolution of TLRs under both positive and purifying selection. However, intracellular and cell-surface TLRs have been affected differently due to their variation in conservational constraints. In this review, we summarize some of the main studies on the influence of selection on shaping the evolution of several TLR gene families in different terrestrial vertebrate species. We also describe the effect of evolution on the function of different TLRs and their specific conservations in these species and show similarities and differences in evolutionary patterns of TLR orthologs among species as well as among TLR gene families.     

Mutations in NLRP7 and KHDC3L Confer a Complete Hydatidiform Mole Phenotype on Digynic Triploid Conceptions

Digynic triploidy is classically associated with a severely growth restricted fetus and a small nonmolar placenta. However, in genotyping hydatidiform moles as part of clinical practice, we identified two digynic triploid conceptions presenting with histopathological features of classical complete hydatidiform mole (CHM). Both cases occurred in women with a history of previous molar pregnancies and no normal pregnancies. Pathological review and genotyping of other molar pregnancies in these cases showed them to be typical CHM with negative p57^KIP2 immunostaining of the cytotrophoblast cells and villous stroma and to be diploid but biparental, confirming a diagnosis of familial recurrent hydatidiform mole (FRHM). Mutation screening of NLRP7 had identified a homozygous duplication, leading to a truncated protein, in case 1 whereas mutation screening of KHDC3L (C6orf221) in case 2 showed both the proband and her sister to be compound heterozygotes for mutations in KHDC3L. The observation of a single digynic, triploid conception presenting as a CHM in women with FRHM, where other pregnancies are diploid and biparental, supports the hypothesis that the role of both NLRP7 and KHDC3L in pregnancy is in setting and/or maintaining the maternal imprint. Clinically, a diagnosis of FRHM should be considered in women with genetically unusual conceptions that are phenotypically CHM.     

Exercise testing induces fatal thromboembolism from mechanical mitral valve

Thromboembolism is still one of the most important complications of prosthetic heart valves. Embolism to a major coronary branch is rare, but acute proximal occlusions can be fatal, even when the coronary arteries are otherwise normal and intervention is rapid. We report a fatal complication of an exercise test in a patient who had a St. Jude bileaflet mitral valve. After an exercise test, a 42-year-old woman with a mechanical prosthetic valve had a severe hemodynamic collapse with acute ST segment changes. Coronary angiography showed a totally occluded left main coronary artery with TIMI grade 0 to 1 flow. Rapid injection of contrast material and the passage of a floppy guidewire through the thrombus restored a TIMI grade 3 flow. Angiography showed no coronary atherosclerostic involvement. Despite successful coronary reperfusion, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, and intensive medication, the patient died. This case demonstrates that exercise testing should be applied with great caution in patients with prosthetic valves, and only after a careful evaluation of valve function. We recommend transesophageal echocardiography prior to exercise testing in these patients.