The characterization and localization of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR1 in the rat brain.

The cloning of cDNAs that encode functional glutamate receptors makes it possible to produce antibodies that can be used as high-affinity probes for the localization and characterization of these receptors in the mammalian brain. We have made antibodies to different regions of the first cloned member of this family, GluR1, using bacterially overproduced antigen. On Western blots, these antisera detect glycoprotein(s) of 105 kDa present in crude membranes of the hippocampus and cerebellum. The 105-kDa band is associated with postsynaptic densities, and it is observed in cultured cells upon transfection with the GluR1 cDNA. Although glutamate receptors are thought to be the most prevalent excitatory ligand-gated ion channel in the mammalian brain, immunohistochemistry reveals that the receptors recognized by these antisera are localized predominantly in neurons of the cerebellum and some structures of the limbic system, including the hippocampus, the central nucleus of the amygdala, and portions of the septum. This pattern of expression is, in general, consistent with the distribution of GluR1 mRNA as determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Our results suggest that glutamate excitatory circuits recognized by these antisera are predominantly found in regions of the limbic system that are reciprocally interconnected.     

Frakturen des Processus coronoideus ulnae

Trauma und Berufskrankheit - Zusammenfassung Der Processus coronoideus ist der wichtigste knöcherne Stabilisator des Ellbogengelenks, der vordere Anteil des Lig. collaterale ulnae, welcher am...     

Extracellular K+ and Ca2+ changes during epileptiform discharges in the immature rat neocortex

Picrotoxin-induced epileptiform activity was examined in neocortical slices prepared from 8- to 15-day-old rats. This activity consisted of spontaneous bursts of 3-5 discharges that resembled interictal spikes and were interspersed with ictal-like paroxysms lasting 10-30 s. Measurements of extracellular potassium ([K+]o) and calcium ([Ca2+]o) were made during these spontaneous epileptiform events, using ion-sensitive electrodes. Individual interictal spikes were associated with [Ca2+]o decreases of 0.1-0.2 mM, whereas sustained ictal-like discharges were accompanied by decreases of 0.3-0.4 mM. Measurement of [K+]o showed that individual interictal spikes were associated with increases in [K+]o up to 12 mM, whereas increases to more than 20 mM accompanied long-lasting ictal-like discharges. Maximum increases in [K+]o were observed ca. 600 microns below the pial surface. [K+]o increases were followed by undershoots of the resting [K+]o level. The unusually high [K+]o levels associated with epileptiform discharges in the immature neocortex suggest that disturbances in [K+]o regulation may contribute to the generation of the picrotoxin-induced, spontaneous, prolonged ictal-like discharges observed in the 8- to 15-day age group.     

Practical management of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with gefitinib.

PURPOSE: The use of gefitinib, the first drug approved to inhibit the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, is indicated in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with tumors progressive after chemotherapy. The unique mechanism of action of this agent leads to distinctive patterns of response and toxicity in persons with lung cancer. Many of the principles of management relevant to gefitinib are distinct from those with conventional cytotoxic drugs. To meet this need, we present practical guidelines on the use of gefitinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. METHODS: This article reviews gefitinib's indications, dosing, response phenomena, and patterns of relapse in individuals with radiographic response. RESULTS: We present our recommendations for the management of rash and diarrhea caused by this agent. CONCLUSION: This information can guide practitioners and help them inform their patients about what to expect when they receive gefitinib.     

Aschenanalyse von Leuchtorganen mexikanischer Cucúyos

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