Chronic lower extremity ischemia: a human model of ischemic tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been found in animals to have a protective effect against future ischemic injury to muscle tissue. Such injury is unavoidable during some surgical procedures. To determine whether chronic ischemia in the lower extremities would imitate IPC and reduce ischemic injury during vascular surgery, we designed a controlled clinical study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two groups of patients at a university-affiliated medical centre with chronic lower-extremity ischemia served as models of IPC: 6 patients awaiting femoral distal bypass (FDB) and 4 scheduled for aortobifemoral (ABF) bypass grafting for aortoiliac occlusive disease. Seven patients undergoing elective open repair of an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) were chosen as non-IPC controls. Three hematologic indicators of skeletal-muscle injury, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin, were measured before placement of the proximal clamp, during surgical ischemia, immediately upon reperfusion, 15 minutes after and 1 hour after reperfusion, and during the first, second and third postoperative days. RESULTS: Baseline markers of skeletal-muscle injury were similar in all groups. In postreperfusion samples, concentrations of muscle-injury markers were significantly lower in the 2 PC groups than in the control group. For example, at day 2, LDH levels were increased by about 30% over baseline measures in the elective AAA (control) group, whereas levels in the FDB and ABF groups remained statistically unchanged from baseline. Myoglobin in controls had increased by 977%, but only by 160% in the FDB and 528% in the ABF groups. CK levels, in a similar trend, were 1432% higher in the control group and only 111% (FDB) and 1029% (ABF) in the study groups. Taken together, these data represent a significant level of protection. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic lower-extremity ischemia suffered less severe ischemic injury after a period of acute ischemia than those with acute ischemia alone. Ischemic preconditioning is one proposed mechanism to help explain this protective effect.     

The effect of cephalothin prophylaxis on postoperative ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections.

Postoperative infection is an important complication after insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt in children with hydrocephalus. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was performed to determine the efficacy of cephalothin in preventing postoperative shunt infection. Sixty-three children who presented for elective VP shunt insertion between January 1982 and December 1985 and who did not have a history of shunt infections were randomly assigned to receive four doses of prophylactic cephalothin, 25 mg/kg (32 patients), or of a multivitamin placebo (31 patients). Postoperative infection developed in 6% of the treatment group, compared with 10% of the placebo group, a difference that was not statistically significant, although a clinical significance may have been masked by the small sample size. A large multicentre trial is needed to determine the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing the incidence of postoperative VP shunt infections.     

To what extent does IQ 'explain' socio-economic variations in function?

Background  

The aims of this study were to examine the extent to which higher intellectual abilities protect higher socio-economic groups from functional decline and to examine whether the contribution of intellectual abilities is independent of childhood deprivation and low birth weight and other socio-economic and developmental factors in early life.     

CNS 7056: A Novel Ultra-short-acting Benzodiazepine

Background: A new benzodiazepine derivative, CNS 7056, has been developed to permit a superior sedative profile to current agents, i.e., more predictable fast onset, short duration of sedative action, and rapid recovery profile. This goal has been achieved by rendering the compound susceptible to metabolism via esterases. The authors now report on the profile of CNS 7056 in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: The affinity of CNS 7056 and its carboxylic acid metabolite, CNS 7054, for benzodiazepine receptors and their selectivity profiles were evaluated using radioligand binding. The activity of CNS 7056 and midazolam at subtypes ([alpha]1[beta]2[gamma]2, [alpha]2[beta]2[gamma]2, [alpha]3[beta]2[gamma]2, [alpha]5[beta]2[gamma]2) of the [gamma]-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor was evaluated using the whole cell patch clamp technique. The activity of CNS 7056 at brain benzodiazepine receptors in vivo was measured in rats using extracellular electrophysiology in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. The sedative profile was measured in rodents using the loss of righting reflex test.

Results: CNS 7056 bound to brain benzodiazepine sites with high affinity. The carboxylic acid metabolite, CNS 7054, showed around 300 times lower affinity. CNS 7056 and CNS 7054 (10 [mu]m) showed no affinity for a range of other receptors. CNS 7056 enhanced GABA currents in cells stably transfected with subtypes of the GABAA receptor. CNS 7056, like midazolam and other classic benzodiazepines, did not show clear selectivity between subtypes of the GABAA receptor. CNS 7056 (intravenous) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of substantia nigra pars reticulata neuronal firing and recovery to baseline firing rates was reached rapidly. CNS 7056 (intravenous) induced loss of the righting reflex in rodents. The duration of loss of righting reflex was short (< 10 min) and was inhibited by pretreatment with flumazenil.     

The effect of light intensity on double bond conversion and flexural strength of a model, unfilled dental resin.

OBJECTIVE: Two visible light sources (tungsten-quartz-halogen and xenon-arc plasma) with vastly different intensities (200 and 1800 mW/cm(2)) but similar spectral outputs, were used to examine the effects of light intensity on conversion and flexural strength of a model dental resin formulation (75/25wt% bis-GMA/TEGDMA). METHODS: The exact same polymer samples were used to correlate double bond conversion (measured with near-IR spectroscopy) to flexural strength, both immediately after light exposure and after storage. RESULTS: In general, polymers which were irradiated with the high light intensity source exhibited greater double bond conversion. However, increasing the light intensity also increased the maximum temperature reached during polymerization. Therefore, the greater double bond conversion was caused by a combination of both photo and thermal effects. Regardless of the light intensity, a single linear relationship existed between conversion and final flexural strength (measured 4 days after cure) over the conversion range analyzed (50-80%). However, deviations from linearity were noted in several samples that were tested immediately after exposure. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings illustrate that light intensity does not affect the final flexural strength of a dental resin as long as the final conversions are similar.