Stent placement for benign pancreatic diseases: correlation between ERCP findings and clinical response.

OBJECTIVE. We performed a study to determine if the appearance of the pancreatic duct on ERCP before and after placement of pancreatic duct stents correlates with the therapeutic response in patients treated for impaired pancreatic drainage. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Findings in 29 consecutive patients with a variety of benign pancreatic diseases in whom pancreatic stents were placed and subsequently removed within a 3-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Early (1-5 days) and late (1-3 months) clinical outcomes after stent placement were assessed. These findings were correlated with a blinded interpretation of ERCP findings (Cambridge criteria were used) before and after stent placement. RESULTS. ERCP findings before stent placement were normal in 10 patients. At the end of stent therapy, ERCP showed changes associated with chronic pancreatitis in all 10; five had focal narrowing at the tip of the stent. Subsequent ERCP studies in five of these 10 patients showed that ductal changes induced by stents diminished after stent removal. Of the 19 patients with abnormal findings on ERCP at the time of stent placement, ERCP at the end of stent therapy showed some improvement in seven patients, no change in eight, and deterioration in four. Changes seen on ERCP had no statistically significant correlation with clinical outcome (p = .36). CONCLUSION. Our findings show that pancreatic duct stents can induce abnormalities on ERCP indicative of chronic pancreatitis. However, diminution of these abnormalities after stent removal in some patients suggests that these changes may be due to edema rather than to fibrosis. Ductal changes seen on ERCP are not a useful guide for determining the degree of response to pancreatic stents.     

Thrombotic and bleeding complications of prosthetic heart valves

A review of articles published since 1979 indicates that thrombotic and bleeding complications account for about 50% of valve-related complications in patients with bioprosthetic aortic and mitral valves and for approximately 75% of the complications in patients with mechanical valves. Although compromised by lack of standard definitions and by variability in reporting and follow-up, the data suggest that the linearized rate of both thrombotic and bleeding complications in patients with aortic bioprostheses is approximately half that for aortic mechanical prostheses (2% versus 4%), but is approximately equal for both bioprostheses and mechanical valves in the mitral position (approximately 4%), and for mechanical and bioprosthetic aortic and mitral valves in combination. However, linearized rates for fatal thrombotic and bleeding events are two to four times higher in patients with mechanical prostheses. The adequacy of warfarin anticoagulation is the most important factor affecting thrombotic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical valves and over shadows the dubious importance of other phenomena such as atrial fibrillation and left atrial thrombus. Short-term warfarin anticoagulation or the use of long-term platelet inhibitors, or both, do not appear to reduce the incidence of thrombotic complications in patients with aortic bioprostheses but increase bleeding. For mitral bioprostheses, the postoperative use of warfarin for three months or aspirin indefinitely is as effective in preventing thromboembolism as long-term warfarin. Acute prosthetic valve endocarditis is associated with a 13 to 40% incidence of thrombotic complications. Likewise, the recurrence rate of cerebral emboli is high (20-30%) in patients with prosthetic valves who are not anticoagulated. Bioprostheses are strongly preferred for women who wish to bear children; fetal wastage occurs in 25 to 30% of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves who receive either warfarin or heparin, or a combination of the two. Heparin, however, greatly increases the risk of maternal bleeding. In children, the efficacy of platelet inhibitors without warfarin anticoagulation is unproven; nearly all serious strokes occur when warfarin is omitted; and permanent disability from warfarin-related bleeding is rare. All prosthetic cardiac valves initiate coagulation and affect the dynamic equilibrium between activated procoagulants and endogenous anticoagulants. Warfarin is the only available oral exogenous anticoagulant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

FUSION OF THE FIRST METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT FOR POST-TRAUMATIC CONDITIONS

Fusion of the metarcarpophalangeal joint of the thumb is an accepted treatment in the management of instability or osteoarthritis following trauma to this joint. A review was made of the literature and 30 of the senior author's (RH) patients who had had this operation, in order to determine what effect the operation had on the pain in their thumb, any symptoms of instability, interference with work and daily activities, and strength in the hand. All of the patients achieved bony union and the average angle of fusion was 7.6 degrees of flexion. All of the patients were either satisfied or very satisfied with the results of the operation, and had an average increase of 6.3 points on a 12 point rating scale. However, 48% of patients had some mild intermittent pain and 43% complained of some difficulty with fine motor tasks. Twelve patients were able to attend for formal evaluation including the Jebson and Crawford Hand Function Tests which revealed some decrease in hand function in all of those tested. It was concluded that this method of arthrodesis of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb gives reliable results, with high patient acceptance, but does not result in an entirely normal thumb or hand function.     

Hepatic failure associated with imipramine therapy

Imipramine, a widely used antidepressant, has rarely been associated with hepatic abnormalities. In the majority of reported cases, hepatic effects have been transient and readily reversible on discontinuation of the drug. We cared for an 11-year-old boy with hepatic failure and massive cell necrosis which followed treatment with imipramine for enuresis. This therapy led to fulminant hepatic failure and subsequent liver transplantation.     

New light on uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis

Inflammatory eye disease is well recognized in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) but the relationship between the uveitis and the spondyloarthropathy is poorly defined. The following conclusions may be drawn from a study of 1331 consecutive patients with AS: the prevalence of uveitis was 40% (535 subjects), almost half of whom had greater than 5 attacks. Family studies of sib pairs, concordant for AS, showed that uveitis occurred randomly with a concordance for uveitis/no uveitis of only 43%. A comparison of patients with (n = 535) and without (n = 796) uveitis showed no important differences. Analysis of potential trigger factors among 72 patients with recurrent disease revealed no seasonal, infective or other correlation. The removal of an intrauterine device from a woman with severe intractable bilateral uveitis was associated with remission of the eye disease. In summary, although genetic background determines susceptibility to uveitis the pattern of the disease suggests the possibility of random environmental triggers unrelated to the course of the underlying rheumatological disorder.     

Repair of left ventricular aneurysm. Changes in ventricular mechanics, hemodynamics, and oxygen consumption.

Anteroapical left ventricular aneurysms were produced in 23 sheep by coronary arterial ligation. Plication of the aneurysm does not change stroke volume or cardiac output and does not significantly change left ventricular oxygen consumption from the preoperative value of 5.1 +/- 2.6 ml/100 gm per minute. Plication, however, does increase left ventricular end-systolic elastance from 3.2 +/- 0.9 to 4.4 +/- 1.5 mm Hg/mm (p = 0.005). In nine of these sheep the midsagittal plane of the left ventricle was imaged by means of an array of sonomicrometry crystals before and after plication of the aneurysm. Regional wall stresses at end-systole and end-diastole and changes in diastolic function were calculated for anterior and posterior ventricular walls in the border zone adjacent to the aneurysm and in more basilar myocardium remote from the infarct. Plication significantly reduced end-systolic wall stresses and systolic stress integrals in the posterior border zone and remote myocardium, but it did not significantly change anterior wall systolic stresses or stress integrals. Plication also decreased diastolic stretching of border zone myocardium. Plication of anteroapical left ventricular aneurysm produced a shorter, more spherical ventricle and removed the dyskinetic segments but altered deformation (strain) in both circumferential and longitudinal directions. The changes in ventricular wall geometry and deformation provide an explanation for the increased ventricular end-systolic elastance and unchanged stroke volume observed after aneurysm plication.     

Upper cervical ossicles in Down syndrome

Six patients with upper cervical spine ossicles and Down syndrome from a study population of 184 are described. The average age was 20.6 years at the time of diagnosis. Three of the patients were involved in tumbling. Radiographic anatomy of the ossicles and the dens, as well as serial radiographs in three of the six patients, suggest that this represents an avulsion of the upper end of the dens rather than an occipital vertebrae, ossiculum terminale, or os odontoideum, as previously described. The authors advocate restriction of high-risk activities for all patients with Down syndrome.     

Volume and surface area estimates of astrocytes in the sensorimotor cortex of the cat

Electron micrographs of random sections through 133 astrocytes taken from the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri of adult cats were used to estimate average astrocyte cell volume. Average soma volume was derived by two methods: (1) assuming that each approximated the shape of a prolate spheroid, a value of 2.2 ± 0.1 × 10^?13l. was calculated by substituting measurements of major (mean 10.4 ± 0.2 μm) and minor (mean 6.2 ± 0.1 μm) cell axes into the formula for volume; (2) applying Weibel's point-counting method of morphometry, a value of 1.9 ± 0.09 × 10^?13l. was obtained based on ratios of volume density and nuclear volume, calculated from measurements of nuclear axes. Because of the use of random sections through the cells sampled, the axial measurements on which both methods depend represent possible underestimations by as much as 21%; the resulting average value for soma volume might be as much as 3.2 × 10^?13l. Astrocyte somata from the deepest layer of the cortex had a significantly larger average volume than those from more superficial layers (P < 0.05). Average total cell volume (soma plus processes), estimated by calculating the volume of the tissue sample that was occupied by astrocytes and dividing that value by the number of astrocytes in the sample, amounted to 5.7 × 10^?13l. Point-counting morphometry revealed that 15.5% of the cortex consists of astrocytic cytoplasm. Average total cell surface area, estimated from intercepts of grid lines with cell membrane profiles of astrocytes within the sample, was 1.9 × 10^?5 cm²; average surface area of astrocyte somata, based on axial measurements, amounted to 2.5 × 10^?6 cm² or 13% of the surface area of the whole cell.Only 18 gap junctions were identified in the random sections through 133 astrocytes; these and other considerations bearing on the possible relationship of the data presented to electrical measurements in living astrocytes are discussed.