Ethanol Feeding Causes Inactivation of Both State 1 and State 2 Rat Hepatic Asialoglycoprotein Receptors

Previous studies have shown that ethanol feeding in rats causes inactivation and redistribution of ˜50% of the total asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) in hepatocytes (Tworek et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:2531, 1996), and that two equal populations of hepatic ASGPRs mediate ligand uptake and processing via two functionally different pathways (Weigel in Glycoconjugates: Composition, Structure and Function , Marcel Dekker, 1992, p. 421). The purpose of this study was to determine if ethanol feeding causes preferential inactivation of only one of these two ASGPR populations, which have been designated state 1 and state 2 ASGPRs. The state 2, but not state 1, ASGPRs are inactivated in isolated hepatocytes by a variety of drugs and inhibitors. State 2 ASGPRs can also be inactivated in permeable cells by ATP treatment and then reactivated by treatment with fatty acyl coenzyme As. In the present study, permeable cell assays for state 2 ASGPR inactivation and reactivation were used to assess whether hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats contain inactive state 2 ASGPRs. The results show that preferential inactivation of one ASGPR population does not occur after ethanol feeding. That inactive ASGPRs could not be reactivated by treatment with palmitoyl-coenzyme A to a greater extent in ethanol-fed versus control cells indicates there is not a larger pool of inactivated state 2 ASGPRs in treated cells. We conclude that ethanol feeding causes equal inactivation of both state 1 and state 2 ASGPRs. Ethanol feeding may represent the first treatment found to inactivate state 1 ASGPRs.     

MRI of transplanted pancreatic islets.

A promising treatment method for type 1 diabetes mellitus is transplantation of pancreatic islets containing beta-cells. The aim of this study was to develop an MR technique to monitor the distribution and fate of transplanted pancreatic islets in an animal model. Twenty-five hundred purified and magnetically labeled islets were transplanted through the portal vein into the liver of experimental rats. The animals were scanned using a MR 4.7-T scanner. The labeled pancreatic islets were clearly visualized in the liver in both diabetic and healthy rats as hypointense areas on T2*-weighted MR images during the entire measurement period. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of iron-oxide nanoparticles inside the cells of the pancreatic islets. A significant decrease in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats was observed; normal glycemia was reached 1 week after transplantation. This study, therefore, represents a promising step toward possible clinical application in human medicine.     

Identification of Two Laminin-Binding Fimbriae, the Type 1 Fimbria of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and the G Fimbria of Escherichia coli, as Plasminogen Receptors

Escherichia coli strains carrying recombinant plasmids encoding either the type 1 fimbria of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or the G fimbria of E. coli exhibited binding of human ¹²⁵I-Glu-plasminogen and enhanced the tissue-type plasminogen activator-catalyzed conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Purified type 1 or G fimbriae similarly bound plasminogen and enhanced its activation. The binding of plasminogen did not involve the characteristic carbohydrate-binding property of the fimbriae but was inhibited at low concentrations by the lysine analog -aminocaproic acid. Because these fimbrial types bind to laminin of basement membranes (M. Kukkonen et al., Mol. Microbiol. 7:229–237, 1993; S. Saarela et al., Infect. Immun. 64:2857–2860, 1996), the results demonstrate a structural unity in the creation and targeting of bacterium-bound proteolytic plasmin activity to basement membranes.     

Discordant immunologic and virologic responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy are associated with increased mortality and poor adherence to therapy

OBJECTIVE: To examine the independent association of discordant virologic and immunologic responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with mortality. METHODS: A population-based study of 1527 treatment-naive individuals initiating HAART used Cox proportional hazards modeling to determine the independent association of treatment response at 3 to 9 months with nonaccidental mortality. Logistic regression was used to examine associations with discordant responses. RESULTS: Viral load (VL)/CD4 discordant responses were seen in 235 (15.4%) of subjects, and VL/CD4 responses were seen in 179 (11.7%) of subjects. In adjusted Cox regression models, discordant responses were found to be independently associated with an increased risk of mortality (VL/CD4: relative hazard [RH] = 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15 to 3.04; VL/CD4: RH = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.54 to 3.95). VL/CD4 discordance was found to be associated with increasing age, baseline HIV RNA load <100,000 copies/mL, baseline CD4 counts <50 cells/muL, the use of lamivudine (3TC)/zidovudine (ZDV), and poor adherence to therapy. VL/CD4 discordance was associated with younger age; injection drug use; baseline HIV RNA load >100,000 copies/mL; the use of 3TC/ZDV, didanosine (ddI)/3TC, or ddI/stavudine; and poor adherence to therapy. CONCLUSION: Discordant responses are independently associated with an increased risk of mortality and are, in turn, associated with poor adherence to therapy.     

"Discordant" increases in CD4 cell count relative to plasma viral load in a closely followed cohort of patients initiating antiretroviral therapy

BACKGROUND: In HIV-positive persons receiving antiretroviral therapy, CD4 cell responses are associated with optimal suppression of viral replication. However, increases in CD4 cell counts in the absence of viral suppression have been reported. We characterized plasma viral load (pVL) and CD4 cell count increases in closely followed patients to evaluate determinants and the prevalence of CD4 cell responses at a populational level. METHODS: All HIV-positive patients in the province of British Columbia, Canada, who were antiretroviral naive and initiated therapy between August 1996 and May 1998 were eligible for the study. The selection criteria were that patients had to have CD4 cell counts and pVLs measured at baseline and at least once during eight 16-week periods after the initiation of therapy. We characterized CD4 cell responses and sought patients who had a "discordant" increase at 1 year, which was defined as an increase in CD4 cell count of >or=50/mm3 with a <1 log10 decrease in pVL. We also evaluated adherence and antiretroviral use. RESULTS: Overall, when baseline and 1-year pVLs and CD4 cell counts were compared, 6.2% of patients had CD4 cell count increases without pVL decreases of >or=1 log10. However, when all pVLs before 1 year were considered, 92% of the discordant increases could be attributed to prior transient or partial viral suppression. Furthermore, although substantial increases in CD4 cell counts were observed in transient virologic responders, the cumulative number of antiretroviral agents used by this group was significantly higher than that used by full virologic responders (p <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that virtually all CD4 cell count increases can be attributed to transient or partial pVL suppression. Unmeasured pVL suppression likely explains discordant responses that have been previously reported. Similarities between transient and full virologic responders also appear to be time limited and are often associated with greater cumulative use of antiretroviral therapy by transient virologic responders.     

Identification of viral agents associated with diarrhea in young children during a winter season in Beijing, China.

BACKGROUND: Viral diarrhea remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although rotavirus was extensively studied in China, few comprehensive studies of all viral agents related to diarrhea in children have been conducted. OBJECTIVES: Our study was performed to investigate the role of enteric viruses in acute diarrhea in our country and to evaluate methods that could be used in routine diagnostics. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred stool samples were collected from children under 5 years of age seeking medical care for acute diarrhea during the winter season 2000/2001 in Beijing Children's Hospital. All specimens were initially screened microscopically for leucocytes/red blood cells. Samples with negative results were analyzed for virus presence using commercial EIAs and/or in-house RT-PCRs. RESULTS: At least one viral agent was found in 67% of the specimens. The frequency of rotavirus, astrovirus, norovirus and enteric adenovirus was 59%, 8%, 6% and 2%, respectively. Dual infections were found in 9.0% (6/67) of the positive samples. The results from rotavirus and astrovirus EIAs were concordant with those of rotavirus and astrovirus RT-PCRs. CONCLUSIONS: Enteric viruses play an important role in pediatric diarrhea during the winter season in China. A combination of microscopic examination of stool samples with specific EIA assays to detect virus antigen in stool specimens may be suitable for routine diagnostics.     

Death or illness of a family member,violence, interpersonal conflict,and financial difficulties as predictors of sickness absence: longitudinal cohort study on psychological and behavioral links

OBJECTIVE: Although an association between stressful life events and health problems has been demonstrated, the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. We examined whether psychological problems and health-risk behaviors underpin the health effects of different event categories. METHOD: The initially healthy participants were 2991 (796 men, 2195 women) municipal employees who had taken no sick leave in 1995. In 1997, they completed a questionnaire requesting information on recent life events and psychological and behavioral factors. The outcome was recorded sickness absences in 1998. RESULTS: In men, the death or serious illness of a family member, violence, and financial difficulties increased the risk of later sickness absence. According to structural equation modeling, violence and financial difficulties also induced psychological problems such as anxiety, mental distress, and lowered sense of coherence. Psychological problems were associated with heightened cigarette and alcohol consumption, which in turn increased sickness absence. A corresponding structural model did not fit the data in relation to death or serious illness of a family member. In women, life events were associated with psychological problems and smoking but not sickness absence. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal evidence suggests that increased psychological problems and behaviors involving risk to health partially mediate the effect of stressful life events on health, as indicated by sickness absence. This model received support among men and for the event categories of violence and financial difficulties. Women were less affected by stressful life events than men.     

Increasing body image flexibility in a residential eating disorder facility: Correlates with symptom improvement

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of changes in body image psychological flexibility over the course of treatment on various outcome variables. Method: Participants included 103 female, residential patients diagnosed with an eating disorder. Pretreatment and posttreatment data were collected that examined body image psychological flexibility, general psychological flexibility, symptom severity, and other outcome variables. Results: Changes in body image psychological flexibility significantly predicted changes in all outcome measures except for obsessive-compulsive symptoms after controlling for body mass index, depression, and anxiety. Additionally, these results were maintained after controlling for general psychological flexibility, contributing to the incremental validity of the BI-AAQ. Discussion: This study suggests that changes in body image psychological flexibility meaningfully predict changes in various treatment outcomes of interest, including eating disorder risk, quality of life, and general mental health. Findings indicate that body image psychological flexibility might be a viable target for eating disorder treatment.