晚期阻塞性黄疸减黄术式选择

目的 了解各种肝内胆管引流治疗不能切除的恶性胆道梗阻的疗效。方法 采用肝门部胆囊床，肝表面，肝正中裂，肝方叶切除和介入治疗等方法行肝内胆管内或外引流术。结果 手术组；肝门部入路51例，经胆囊床入路5例，经肝表面入路27例，经肝正中裂入路50例，肝方切除10例；手术行肝内胆管外流术42例，行肝内胆管胆总管与空肠吻合术47例，行置管贺桥内引流术54例，所有病人无手术死亡，手术成功率为81%，减黄效果显著，减黄有效率78.3%，术后并发症有胆漏，膈下感染，切口感染和导管堵塞，介入组；右肝内胆管外引流（PTCD）7例，左右肝管外引流（PTCD）10例，行胆管外引流（PTBD PTBS）33例，减黄效果显著，减黄有效率80%，术后有胆管炎和胰腺炎发生。结论 肝内胆管引流是治疗不能切除的恶性胆道梗阻的重要方法。能减轻症状，提高生活质量和延长生命。     

上海市北新泾街道老年人高度近视眼的流行病学调查

Objective To investigate the prevalence of high myopia,the prevalence and risk factors of high myopia associated with chorioretinopathy in residents aged 60 years or over in Beixinjing community, Shanghai, China. Methods A cluster stratified random sampling method was used to screen 4153 people aged 60 and over in Beixinjing community. There were 3851participants in total with a 92.73% response rate. Participants were invited to complete a questionnaire and received a comprehensive eye examination including visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp microscopic examination, direct ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography and so on. Spherical equivalent (SE) was used to determine the degree of refractive errors. The diagnosis of high myopic chorioretinopathy was made if SE>-6.00 D and myopic ehorioretinal atrophy lesions were presented such as posterior seleral staphyloma, lacquer cracks, Fuchs spot and myopic arc spots. The degree of visual acuity impairment was determined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification as low vision (the best corrected visual acuity≥0. 05, but <0.3) or blindness (the best corrected visual acuity < 0. 05). Results There were 207/3851 (5.37 %) high myopia patients, in which 183/207 (88.40%) patients were associated with myopic chorioretinopathy. The prevalence of myopic chorioretinopathy decreased while age increased (X2= 19.21, P<0.01), but statistically there was no gender difference (X2= 1.83, P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that there were significant differences in the prevalence of high myopia between people with different age, educational levels and family history (X2= 19.21,32. 08,960. 68; P<0.01). There were 29 cases of bilateral blindness, 96 cases of unilateral blindness, 104 cases of bilateral low vision and 562 cases of unilateral low vision in those participants. In 183 cases of high myopic chorioretinopathy patients, 111(60.65 %)cases had an obvious visual impairment, including 34.48% (10 cases) of bilateral blindness, 11.46% (11 cases) of unilateral blindness, 29.81% (31 cases)of bilateral low vision and 10.50% (59 cases) of unilateral low vision. Conclusions The prevalence of high myopia of residents aged ≥ 60 years in Beixinjing community, Shanghai, China is relatively high. Age, education level and family history are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of chorioretinopathy in high myopia patients.     

上海市新泾社区2型糖尿病患者5年随访的前瞻性调查研究3.糖尿病视网膜病变和糖尿病黄斑水肿的好转及促进因素

背景 对2型糖尿病患者的长期随访过程中发现,部分糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)和糖尿病黄斑水肿(DME)患者未经眼底激光光凝、内眼手术或眼内药物治疗眼底病变可好转,但其影响因素尚不清楚.目的 探讨中国2型糖尿病患者DR和DME自行好转的发生率及促好转影响因素. 方法 采用前瞻性观察研究方法,于2007-2012年对上海市新泾社区中符合纳入标准的778例2型糖尿病患者进行连续5年的流行病学调查和随访,收集患者一般资料,对患者行全身体格检查、实验室血生化指标检查、眼部检查和眼底照相,眼底照片读片采用盲法.采用国际临床分类方法和视网膜玻璃体增生情况将DR分为无明显DR和轻、中、重度非增生性DR及增生性DR;并将DME分为无、轻度、中度和重度DME.将DR好转和DME好转作为2个结局变量,好转为仅接受全身用药者至少一眼终末DR或DME分级较基线时下降至少1级且对侧眼DR无进展.采用Logistic多元回归分析判断年龄、性别、受教育程度、糖尿病发病年龄、糖尿病病程、肥胖及血肌酐、三酰甘油、总胆固醇和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平对结局变量的影响.结果 2007年基线调查时发现DR患者456例,其中139例患者5年后至少1眼DR好转,好转率为30.48％.基线检查低HbA1c水平和低血肌酐水平是DR好转的促进因素[HbA1c:优势比(OR)=0.53,95％可信区间(CI)]:0.45 ～0.63,P＜0.01;血肌酐:OR=0.98,95％ CI:0.97 ～0.99,P＜0.01).基线调查时发现DME 158例,其中20例5年后至少1眼好转,好转率为12.66％.高基线血糖水平是DME好转的唯一、独立影响因素(OR=1.47,95％ CI:1.14～1.91,P＜0.01).结论 降低2型糖尿病DR患者的血糖和血肌酐水平有助于DR好转,快速降低血糖水平有助于DME的好转.     

上海市北新泾糖尿病视网膜病变社区远程筛查与传统筛查系统的成本比较

从2003年起，本课题组将远程医学运用于社区眼病防治领域，建立了上海市北新泾糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）社区远程筛查系统，即由经培训的基层卫生工作者在社区医疗单位完成视力检查和数码眼底照相，经互联网将数据发送到三级医院，有经验的眼科专家读片诊断，并发送回社区。具体技术和可信度研究等已另文报道。它与我国居民目前普遍采用的到三级医院就诊，由专科医生采用眼底镜和非接触镜诊断筛查DR的传统模式相比，该远程筛查模式是否更加经济，是其广泛推广的关键。本文简单总结了采用卫生经济学方法对两种筛查模式所需成本的比较结果。     

胃癌患者幽门螺杆菌感染的预后临床研究

目的探究幽门螺杆菌感染对胃癌患者预后的影响作用,以降低复发率。方法选取2011年10月-2013年7月在医院进行治疗的胃癌患者110例,所有行胃镜检查的患者用尿素14 C呼气试验检测幽门螺杆菌,统计所有标本的组织学类型、肿瘤淋巴结转移分期、肿瘤大小、患者生存时间等各项临床指标,对所得数据应用SPSS 11.0软件进行统计分析。结果不同组织学类型、胃癌组织分型中幽门螺杆菌的感染率之间差异无统计学意义;不同病理肿瘤淋巴结转移分期、患者生存时间、淋巴结转移中发生幽门螺杆菌感染率之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);年龄、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及手术性质是胃癌患者的独立预后因素。结论幽门螺杆菌的感染不会独立对胃癌预后产生影响,感染阳性的患者临床预后可能较好。     

严重肝外伤的围手术期处理

腹部损伤的发病率约占各种损伤的0.4%～2.0%,死亡率平均为5%～8%[1].本院自2001年4月至2004年9月,共收治肝外伤病人86例,其中急诊手术34例.本文就手术及围手术期处理体会分析报告如下.     

腹腔镜在胃、十二指肠溃疡穿孔治疗中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜在治疗胃、十二指肠溃疡穿孔中应用的优越性.方法 回顾性分析行腹腔镜穿孔修补术治疗26例胃、十二指肠溃疡穿孔患者的临床资料,分别对其治疗方法 、治疗效果及随访结果 进行分析.结果 26例均成功完成手术,手术时间(65.8±23.7)min,拔管时间(5.7±0.9)d,肛门排气、排便时间(2.4±0.5)d,住院时间(7.9±0.8)d,无切口感染、腹腔脓肿、肠粘连等并发症发生,治愈率100%.结论 腹腔镜胃、十二指肠溃疡穿孔修补术具有手术时间短、住院时间短,安全性更高的优势,可作为胃、十二指肠溃疡穿孔的首选治疗方式.     

上海市北新泾街道老年人高度近视眼的流行病学调查

目的 了解上海市北新泾街道60岁及以上老年人高度近视眼患病率、高度近视眼视网膜脉络膜病变的患病率及其相关影响因素.方法 采用整群随机分层抽样法,对上海市北新泾街道的4153位60岁及以上老年人进行人群普查,受检者3851例,受检率为92.73%.现场调查内容为问卷调查及全面的眼科检查,包括视力、屈光度、裂隙灯显微镜、直接检眼镜检查和眼底照相等.屈光不正用等效球镜度数(SE)表示.若受检者SE>-6.00 D,眼底表现有后巩膜葡萄肿、漆纹样裂纹、Fuchs斑、近视弧形斑等近视性视网膜脉络膜萎缩病灶则诊断为高度近视眼视网膜脉络膜病变.小孔视力按照WHO视力损伤分级:最佳矫正视力≥0.05但<0.3为低视力,<0.05为盲.结果 受检者中,高度近视眼207例,占5.37%.其中,183例表现高度近视性视网膜脉络膜病变,占88.40%.随年龄的增长,高度近视眼视网膜脉络膜病变的患病率显著下降(X2=19.21,P<0.01),但男女之间患病率差异无统计学意义(X2=1.83,P>0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,不同年龄、不同文化程度、有无高度近视眼家族史人群的患病率差异均有统计学意义(X2=19.21,32.08,960.68;P<0.01).受检者中,双眼盲29例,单眼盲96例,双眼低视力104例,单眼低视力562例.183例高度近视眼视网膜脉络膜病变患者中,111例存在明显的视力损伤,占60.65%,其中,双眼盲、单眼盲、双眼低视力、单眼低视力的患者分别为10例,11例、31例和59例,分别占总受检人群中视力损伤者的34.48%、11.46%、29.81%和10.50%.结论上海市北新泾地区老年人高度近视眼的患病率较高.年龄、文化程度,高度近视眼家族史是影响高度近视眼视网膜脉络膜病变的重要因素.     

上海市北新泾街道60岁及以上人群盲和视力损伤的现况调查

Objective To investigate the prevalence rate of blindness and low vision and the leading cause of blindness in residents aged ≥60 years in Beixinjing blocks, Shanghai. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out by Shanghai First People's Hospital, affiliated Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai Beixinjing Community hospital from November 2007 to April 2008. Randomly cluster sampling method was used ,and all the individuals aged ≥60 years in 8 communities from Beixinjing blocks, Shanghai was enrolled in this study. The pinhole visual acuity and presenting visual acuity were measured separately in each eye. External eye, anterior segment and ocular fundus were examined by the ophthalmologist using slit lamp-microscopes, direct ophthalmoscopy and non-mydriatic digital camara. Assigned ophthalmolngic doctors assured the leading blind causes of every blind person. The survey was preceded by a pilot study where operational methods were refined and quality assurance evaluation was carried out. Results 3851 individuals were examined, and the response rate was 92. 73%. According to WHO diagnostic criteria: 29 persons were diagnosed as blindness, 11 male (37.93%) and 18 female (62.07%). 104 persons were diagnosed as low vision, 37 male (35. 58% ) and 67 female (64. 42% ) . The prevalence rates of blindness and low vision were 0. 75% and 2. 70%. The leading causes of blindness were macular degeneration, cataract, corneal diseases, and retinal detachment According to presenting vision diagnostic criteria: 61 persons were diagnosed as severe binocular blindness, 20 male (32. 79% ) and 41 female (67. 21% ) . 66 persons were diagnosed as slight binocular blindness, 27 male (40. 91% ) and 39 female (59. 09% ) . 276 persons were diagnosed as monocular blindness, 120 male (43.48%) and 156 female (56. 52% ). The prevalence of severe binocular blindness, slight binocular blindness and monocular blindness was 1.58% , 1.71% and 7. 17%, respectively. The leading causes of blindness were macular degeneration, cataract, ametropia and corneal diseases. Conclusion The leading cause of blindness was macular degeneration. The prevalence of degenerative retinopathy in this area is on the rise.