How does fast track affect quality of care in the emergency department?

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Use of fast track has been shown to improve the emergency department flow of less urgent patients. It has been speculated, however, that this could negatively affect the care of urgent patients. The objective of this study was to determine whether a dedicated fast track for less urgent patients [Canadian Triage and Acuity scale category 4/5 (CTAS 4/5)] affected (1) the time to assessment for urgent patients (CTAS 3), (2) the length of stay for less urgent patients (CTAS 4 and 5), and (3) the left-without-being-seen rate. METHODS: In June 2003, fast track was opened in our emergency department from 13:00 to 19:00 h. A before-after intervention comparison analysis was completed for 1 week in Aug 2002 and the same week in Aug 2003. Data collected included (1) time to assessment of CTAS 3 patients, (2) the length of stay for CTAS 4/5 patients, and (3) percentage of patients who left without being seen. RESULTS: A total of 368 patients were reviewed for 2002 and 380 patients were reviewed for 2003. Median time to assessment of CTAS 3 patients presenting from 13:00 to 19:00 h was reduced from 66 min (Interquartile range: 40, 94 min) in 2002 to 60 min (IQR: 38, 108 min) after fast track was open in 2003 (P = 0.95). Median length of stay of CTAS 4 and 5 patients was reduced from 170 min (IQR: 111, 256 min) to 110 min (IQR: 69, 185 min) (P < 0.001). The overall left-without-being-seen rate decreased from 5% (20/368) to 2% (9/380). CONCLUSION: A dedicated fast track for CTAS 4/5 patients can reduce the length of stay and the left-without-being-seen rate with no impact on CTAS 3 patients seen in the main emergency department.     

Longitudinal Changes in Muscle Mass,Muscle Strength,and Physical Performance in Acutely Hospitalized Older Adults

ObjectivesAcute hospitalization may lead to a decrease in muscle measures, but limited studies are reporting on the changes after discharge. The aim of this study was to determine longitudinal changes in muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in acutely hospitalized older adults from admission up to 3 months post-discharge.DesignA prospective observational cohort study was conducted.Setting and ParticipantsThis study included 401 participants aged ≥70 years who were acutely hospitalized in 6 hospitals. All variables were assessed at hospital admission, discharge, and 1 and 3 months post-discharge.MethodsMuscle mass in kilograms was assessed by multifrequency Bio-electrical Impedance Analysis (MF-BIA) (Bodystat; Quadscan 4000) and muscle strength by handgrip strength (JAMAR). Chair stand and gait speed test were assessed as part of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Norm values were based on the consensus statement of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.ResultsA total of 343 acute hospitalized older adults were included in the analyses with a mean (SD) age of 79.3 (6.6) years, 49.3% were women. From admission up to 3 months post-discharge, muscle mass (?0.1 kg/m²; P = .03) decreased significantly and muscle strength (?0.5 kg; P = .08) decreased nonsignificantly. The chair stand (+0.7 points; P < .001) and gait speed test (+0.9 points; P < .001) improved significantly up to 3 months post-discharge. At 3 months post-discharge, 80%, 18%, and 43% of the older adults scored below the cutoff points for muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance, respectively.Conclusions and ImplicationsPhysical performance improved during and after acute hospitalization, although muscle mass decreased, and muscle strength did not change. At 3 months post-discharge, muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance did not reach normative levels on a population level. Further research is needed to examine the role of exercise interventions for improving muscle measures and physical performance after hospitalization.     

Older gay men's engagement with physical activity: A scoping review

Older gay men experience an elevated prevalence of adverse health conditions that may be compounded by age-related deterioration. Some of these conditions may be ameliorated by regular adherence to physical activity (PA). However, many gay men participate in less PA than their age-matched heterosexual counterparts. With a focus on gay men aged 60 and over, the aims of this review were to examine the evidence for older gay men's engagement with PA and the research approaches used to describe this group. A systematic search of six academic databases (Academic Search Premier, Cinahl, PubMed, Sport Discus, APA PsychInfo and APA PsychArticles) generated 23 papers from 1970 to 2020 that focused on older gay men's engagement with PA. Although surveys were well represented in the literature, further studies utilising qualitative methodological frameworks have the potential to inform targeted interventional programs aimed at reducing less health disparities. The value of PA in older adults lies principally in improved performance of activities of daily living, independent living, increased longevity, decreased cognitive decline and improved mental well-being.     

The clinical pharmacology of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2′-deoxycoformycin

Summary 2-deoxycoformycin (2-dCF; Pentostatin), a stoichiometric inhibitor of mammalian adenosine deaminase (ado deaminase), exhibits immunosuppressive and antilymphocytic activity in animal test systems. A clinical pharmacology/phase I study of 2-dCF administered as a single agent has been completed (18 patients). Dose levels ranged from 0.1 mg/kgx1 to 0.25 mg/kg/dayx5; ado deaminase and 2-dCF were measured spectrophotometrically. Plasma decay curves were bi-exponential ( and t_1/2 values about 1 and 10 h respectively). Recovery of unchanged 2-dCF from urine (48 h) was 32%–48% of the administered drug. Major toxic manifestations were lymphocytopenia (all patients) and urate nephropathy (1 patient, with subsequent patients in the series receiving allopurinol, 300 mg/day). Three partial responses were seen in seven patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia receiving 0.25 mg 2-dCF/kg/dayx5.     

Evaluating the Impact of a School-based Prevention Program on Self-esteem,Body Image,and Risky Dieting Attitudes and Behaviors Among Kaua‘i Youth

Eating disorders and obesity (EDO) are increasing among youth, having serious long-term physical and psychological consequences. The purpose of this study was to determine if significant differences exist in EDO risk factors following participation of 4–6th grade students in a school-based EDO prevention curriculum. This community-based research project assessed students at baseline and one week following EDO intervention. Primary outcome variables measured self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, and high risk eating attitudes and behaviors. Pre and post-test differences were calculated using mixed models, correcting for clustering within schools and teachers. This study found mean changes in all scores in healthy directions, as well as movement of students into lower risk groups post-intervention. This program demonstrated that a classroom curriculum is associated with decreased risks of EDO in boys and girls, supporting prevention programs at an early age for both sexes. Studies to determine long term benefit and guide booster interventions are warranted.     

Autosomal-dominant Leber Congenital Amaurosis Caused by a Heterozygous CRX Mutation in a Father and Son

Background: Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is most often an autosomal recessive disorder. We report a father and son with autosomal dominant LCA due to a mutation in the CRX gene.

Materials and Methods: DNA screening using an allele specific assay of 90 of the most common LCA-causing variations in the coding sequences of AIPL1, CEP290, CRB1, CRX, GUCY2D, RDH12 and RPE65 was performed on the father. Automated DNA sequencing of his son examining exon 3 of the CRX gene was subsequently performed.

Results: Both father and son have a heterozygous single base pair deletion of an adenine at codon 153 in the coding sequence of the CRX gene resulting in a frameshift mutation.

Conclusion: Mutations involving the CRX gene may demonstrate an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern for LCA.