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Adaptive optics is a relatively new tool that is available to ophthalmologists for study of cellular level details. In addition to the axial resolution provided by the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, adaptive optics provides an excellent lateral resolution, enabling visualization of the photoreceptors, blood vessels and details of the optic nerve head. We attempt a mini review of the current role of adaptive optics in retinal imaging. PubMed search was performed with key words Adaptive optics OR Retina OR Retinal imaging. Conference abstracts were searched from the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) and American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) meetings. In total, 261 relevant publications and 389 conference abstracts were identified.  相似文献   
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The non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) is known to play a key role in a variety of normal and cancer cellular functions such as survival, proliferation, migration and invasion. It is highly active and overexpressed in various cancers including Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM). Here, initially, we demonstrate that FAK is overexpressed in both PDAC and MPM cell lines. Then we analyze effects of two small molecule inhibitors PF-573228, and PF-431396, which are dual specificity inhibitors of FAK and proline rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2), as well as VS-6063, another small molecule inhibitor that specifically inhibits FAK but not PYK2 for cell growth, motility and invasion of PDAC and MPM cell lines. Treatment with PF-573228, PF-431396 and VS-6063 cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of growth and anchorage-independent colony formation in both cancer cell lines. Furthermore, these compounds suppressed the phosphorylation of FAK at its active site, Y397, and functionally induced significant apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in both cell lines. Using the ECIS (Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing) system, we found that treatment of both PF compounds suppressed adherence and migration of PDAC cells on fibronectin. Interestingly, 3D-tumor organoids derived from autochthonous KC (Kras;PdxCre) mice treated with PF-573228 revealed a significant decrease in tumor organoid size and increase in organoid cell death. Taken together, our results show that FAK is an important target for mesothelioma and pancreatic cancer therapy that merit further translational studies.  相似文献   
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Triple negative breast cancer has an extremely poor prognosis when chemotherapy is no longer effective. To overcome drug resistance, novel drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles have had remarkable success. We produced a novel nanoparticle component ‘MDC’ from milk-derived colloid. In order to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of MDC, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments on cancer cell lines and a primary tumor derived breast xenograft. Doxorubicin (Dox) conjugated to MDC (MDC-Dox) showed higher cancer cell growth inhibition than MDC alone especially in cell lines with high EGFR expression. In a mouse melanoma model, MDC-Dox significantly suppressed tumor growth when compared with free Dox. Moreover, in a primary tumor derived breast xenograft, one of the mice treated with MDC-Dox showed partial regression, while mice treated with free Dox failed to show any suppression of tumor growth. We have shown that a novel nanoparticle compound made of simple milk-derived colloid has the capability for drug conjugation, and serves as a tumor-specific carrier of anti-cancer drugs. Further research on its safety and ability to carry various anti-cancer drugs into multiple drug-resistant primary breast models is warranted.  相似文献   
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A new approach for the design and synthesis of cyclic N-halamine polymers having anti-bacterial activity based on a vinyl derivative of tyrosine-derived hydantoin is reported. The synthesis of N-halamine polymers generally involves the chemical modification of 5,5′-disubstituted hydantoin to introduce polymerizable vinyl moieties thereby restricting the halogen capture only on the amide nitrogen. Here we show the possibility of synthesizing vinyl monomers of N-halamine from α-amino acids wherein both the amide and imide nitrogens are available for halogen capture. Thus, a hydantoin monomer was synthesized from L-tyrosine and copolymerized with methyl methacrylate and 2-(hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, to obtain random co-polymers. The monomer and its co-polymers were characterized using NMR, IR, HRMS, GPC, DSC, EDAX and TGA analysis. Films of the co-polymers cast from 10% acetone solutions were exposed to sodium hypochlorite solution to activate the hydantoin moieties. The oxidative chlorine content of the films ranged from 0.6 to 0.9%. The activated films were exposed to both Gram positive (S. aureus) and Gram negative (E. coli) bacteria using standard protocols. Polymers having chlorine content as little as 0.6% exhibited 6 log reduction in the bacterial growth within 30 min of exposure. The method allows the halogenation of both amide and imide nitrogens and could be applied to the preparation of a number of vinyl hydantoins from many amino acids.  相似文献   
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