Fast Eating Is Associated with Increased BMI among High-School Students

Fast self-reported eating rate (SRER) has been associated with increased adiposity in children and adults. No studies have been conducted among high-school students, and SRER has not been validated vs. objective eating rate (OBER) in such populations. The objectives were to investigate (among high-school student populations) the association between OBER and BMI z-scores (BMIz), the validity of SRER vs. OBER, and potential differences in BMIz between SRER categories. Three studies were conducted. Study 1 included 116 Swedish students (mean ± SD age: 16.5 ± 0.8, 59% females) who were eating school lunch. Food intake and meal duration were objectively recorded, and OBER was calculated. Additionally, students provided SRER. Study 2 included students (n = 50, mean ± SD age: 16.7 ± 0.6, 58% females) from Study 1 who ate another objectively recorded school lunch. Study 3 included 1832 high-school students (mean ± SD age: 15.8 ± 0.9, 51% females) from Sweden (n = 748) and Greece (n = 1084) who provided SRER. In Study 1, students with BMIz ≥ 0 had faster OBER vs. students with BMIz < 0 (mean difference: +7.7 g/min or +27%, p = 0.012), while students with fast SRER had higher OBER vs. students with slow SRER (mean difference: +13.7 g/min or +56%, p = 0.001). However, there was “minimal” agreement between SRER and OBER categories (κ = 0.31, p < 0.001). In Study 2, OBER during lunch 1 had a “large” correlation with OBER during lunch 2 (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). In Study 3, fast SRER students had higher BMIz vs. slow SRER students (mean difference: 0.37, p < 0.001). Similar observations were found among both Swedish and Greek students. For the first time in high-school students, we confirm the association between fast eating and increased adiposity. Our validation analysis suggests that SRER could be used as a proxy for OBER in studies with large sample sizes on a group level. With smaller samples, OBER should be used instead. To assess eating rate on an individual level, OBER can be used while SRER should be avoided.     

Le tétanos nosocomial dans le service de référence de l’hôpital National Donka à Conakry (2001–2011)

Become almost non-existent in the developed countries, the hospital-borne tetanus always stays of current events in our country in spite of the forensic problem which it puts. The objectives of this study were to determine prevalence of this affection, to describe its clinical picture and to determine its lethality. It is about a retrospective study of a duration of 11 years realized in the service of the infectious diseases of Conakry. Among 8649 hospitalizations from 2001 till 2012 we brought together 239 cases of tetanus (2.7%) among which 60 hospital-borne tetanus (0.7%). Men represented 73% of these cases, with a sex-ratio M/F of 2.7. The age bracket of 20–40 years was the most affected with 32 cases (53.3%). A single patient had begun his vaccinal calendar which had remained incomplete. Both national hospitals of the CHU of Conakry and private hospitals were the biggest suppliers of this hospital-borne tetanus with respectively 22 and 27 cases (36.6 and 45%). Tetanus related to IM of quinine represented 26 cases (43.3%) whereas the hernial cure was found in 16 cases (26.6%). The average duration of invasion and incubation was respectively 1.5 days and 6 days for the dead (n = 45.7%) and 2 days and 10.5 days for the survivors. Three-quarters of 60 patients died. The fight against this type of tetanus passes inevitably by an improvement of the working conditions, a strict application of the rules of asepsis and the in-service training of the medical and paramedical staff.     

舍曲林与氯米帕明治疗强迫症对照观察

目的：探讨舍曲林与氯米帕明治疗强迫症的临床疗效和安全性。方法将62例强迫症患者随机分为两组,分别给予舍曲林、氯米帕明治疗,观察8周。采用耶鲁‐布朗强迫量表、副反应量表评定临床疗效及不良反应。结果治疗2周末起两组耶鲁‐布朗强迫量表评分均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0．01）,同期两组比较差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。两组总有效率比较差异无显著性（P＞0．05）,舍曲林组不良反应发生率显著低于氯米帕明组（P＜0．01）。结论舍曲林治疗强迫症疗效显著,与氯米帕明相当,但舍曲林安全性高。     

Preclinical Profile of BI 224436, a Novel HIV-1 Non-Catalytic-Site Integrase Inhibitor

BI 224436 is an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor with effective antiviral activity that acts through a mechanism that is distinct from that of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). This 3-quinolineacetic acid derivative series was identified using an enzymatic integrase long terminal repeat (LTR) DNA 3′-processing assay. A combination of medicinal chemistry, parallel synthesis, and structure-guided drug design led to the identification of BI 224436 as a candidate for preclinical profiling. It has antiviral 50% effective concentrations (EC₅₀s) of <15 nM against different HIV-1 laboratory strains and cellular cytotoxicity of >90 μM. BI 224436 also has a low, ∼2.1-fold decrease in antiviral potency in the presence of 50% human serum and, by virtue of a steep dose-response curve slope, exhibits serum-shifted EC₉₅ values ranging between 22 and 75 nM. Passage of virus in the presence of inhibitor selected for either A128T, A128N, or L102F primary resistance substitutions, all mapping to a conserved allosteric pocket on the catalytic core of integrase. BI 224436 also retains full antiviral activity against recombinant viruses encoding INSTI resistance substitutions N155S, Q148H, and E92Q. In drug combination studies performed in cellular antiviral assays, BI 224436 displays an additive effect in combination with most approved antiretrovirals, including INSTIs. BI 224436 has drug-like in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties, including Caco-2 cell permeability, solubility, and low cytochrome P450 inhibition. It exhibited excellent pharmacokinetic profiles in rat (clearance as a percentage of hepatic flow [CL], 0.7%; bioavailability [F], 54%), monkey (CL, 23%; F, 82%), and dog (CL, 8%; F, 81%). Based on the excellent biological and pharmacokinetic profile, BI 224436 was advanced into phase 1 clinical trials.     

Structure-activity study on a novel series of macrocyclic inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease leading to the discovery of BILN 2061

From the discovery of competitive hexapeptide inhibitors, potent and selective HCV NS3 protease macrocyclic inhibitors have been identified. Structure-activity relationship studies were performed focusing on optimizing the N-terminal carbamate and the aromatic substituent on the (4R)-hydroxyproline moiety. Inhibitors meeting the potency criteria in the cell-based assay and with improved oral bioavailability in rats were identified. BILN 2061 was selected as the best compound, the first NS3 protease inhibitor reported with antiviral activity in man.     

精神分裂症患者精神药物利用情况与治疗依从性关系

目的　了解门诊精神分裂症患者精神药物利用情况与治疗依从性关系。方法　随机选择门诊精神分裂症患者 552例 ,由调查者询问并填写自制的精神药物使用调查表。结果　 552例精神分裂症患者中使用单一抗精神病药物 (APD)治疗者 1 2 2例占 2 2 1 0 % ;常用的APD中前 3位依次为氯丙嗪、氯氮平和奋乃静 ;APD治疗方案中最常用的为氯丙嗪、氯氮平及氯丙嗪与氯氮平合用 ;患者服用的药物剂量与其治疗依从性间有相关关系 (P <0 0 1 ) ;患者用药种类不同 ,其治疗依从性间的差别有显著性意义 (P <0 0 1 ) ;药物副反应程度与患者治疗依从性间有相关关系 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　简化治疗方案 ,选用副反应少的最低有效维持量的药物是提高患者治疗依从性的有效途径     

Minimizing the Contribution of Enterohepatic Recirculation to Clearance in Rat for the NCINI Class of Inhibitors of HIV

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Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells

Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS) controls intracellular levels of FPP and post-translational prenylation of small GTPase proteins, which are essential for cell signaling and cell proliferation. Clinical investigations provide evidence that N-BP inhibitors of hFPPS are disease modifying agents that improve survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients via mechanisms unrelated to their skeletal effects. A new series of N-BPs was designed that interact with a larger portion of the GPP subpocket, as compared to the current therapeutic drugs, and rigidify the (364)KRRK(367) tail of hFPPS in the closed conformation in the absence of IPP. An analogue of this series was used to demonstrate inhibition of the intended biological target, resulting in apoptosis and down-regulation of ERK phosphorylation in human MM cell lines.     

Herbal medicine and treatment of diabetes in Africa: an example from Guinea

AIM: Use of medicinal plants is widespread in Africa, particularly in Guinea where oral transmission of practices is part of the social ritual. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of diabetic patients who use herbal medicine and identify the types of plants in use. Reasons for using herbal medicine and the formulations employed were also noted. METHODS: A questionnaire on use of herbal medicine was proposed to all diabetic patients hospitalized or consulting the Endocrinology Unit of the Conakry University Hospital between April 1 and June 30, 2003. RESULTS: A total of 397 patients responded; 33% declared they used herbal medicine. They proposed many motivations, sometimes in association: belief in its efficacy (74%), easy access to medicinal plants (70%), lower cost (48%), and search for complete cure of diabetes (37%). Hearing about a positive experience had convinced 78% of the users to use herbal medicine. The majority of the users were satisfied (85%). One or more clinical manifestations occurring concomitantly with use of herbs was observed in 23 patients (18%), particularly gastrointestinal disorders (n = 10) and skin problems (n = 8). Two cases of hypoglycaemia were noted. CONCLUSION: Herbal medicine plays an important role in anti-diabetes treatment in Guinea. This type of treatment should be based on scientific evidence but very few studies have been conducted. Conditions of use should be better defined and patients should be informed of potential adverse effects.     

儿童腹型过敏性紫癜的高危因素

目的：探索儿童腹型过敏性紫癜（HSP）的高危因素,为早期诊治提供依据。方法：收集2011年1月至2018年12月在金华市第五医院住院治疗的HSP患儿98例,其中腹型HSP患儿50例,皮肤型HSP患儿48例,比较2组患儿的临床特点和实验室指标。采用logistic回归分析筛选影响儿童腹型HSP的高危因素。结果：腹型HSP患儿出现上呼吸道感染诱因比例显著高于皮肤型HSP患儿,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。腹型HSP患儿的血白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、C-反应蛋白、D-二聚体均高于皮肤型HSP患儿,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而2组间性别、年龄、发病季节、住院时间以及血红蛋白、血小板计数、血钾、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、血白蛋白、血沉、补体C3、C4、IgA、凝血酶原时间、活化部分促凝血酶原激酶时间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示上呼吸道感染（OR=3.54,95%CI=1.29～9.75,P=0.014）及D-二聚体增高（OR=4.23,95%CI=1.28～13.96,P=0.018）是儿童腹型HSP发生的独立高危因素。结论：对存在上呼吸道感染以及D-二聚体偏高等高危因素的HSP患儿应予早期干预,积极正确处理,以期防止并发症的发生。