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1.
Christian Holm Hansen Shelley Lees Saidi Kapiga Janet Seeley Tony Barnett 《Global public health》2020,15(3):402-413
ABSTRACTMeasuring hope reliably and accurately remains an important research objective, not least in less prosperous settings where ‘holding on to hope’ may be critically important in the struggle against adverse life conditions. The State Hope Scale was designed for use in the US. Despite reported application in diverse cultures and using translations the scale has not been extensively validated outside US populations. This study contributes to a larger project exploring the measurement of hope and provides a critique of Snyder’s scale as used in a Tanzanian female population of 1021 urban microfinance participants. We evaluate the scale’s validity through assessment of the empirical distribution of scores, item response profiles, internal consistency and discriminatory ability. Participants mostly scored very high and many reached very near the maximum attainable score. Hardly any endorsed the negative half of the response scale. Several problems are discussed including poor discrimination and strong evidence of acquiescence response bias. We also found little association of the scale scores with hypothesised correlates of hope. Future improvements on the measurement of hope are recommended, especially in studies outside the narrow Western context in which the scale was devised. 相似文献
2.
Non‐melanoma skin cancer frequently results from chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. UV‐induced DNA damage activates cell cycle arrest checkpoints through degradation of the cyclin‐dependent kinase activators, the cell division cycle 25 (CDC25) phosphatases. We previously reported increased CDC25A in nonmelanoma skin cancer, but CDC25B and CDC25C had not been previously examined. Consequently, we hypothesized that increased expression of CDC25B and CDC25C increases tumor cell proliferation and skin tumor growth. We found that CDC25B and CDC25C were increased in mouse and human skin cancers. CDC25B was primarily cytoplasmic in skin and skin tumors and was significantly increased in the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), while CDC25C was mostly nuclear in the skin, with an increased cytoplasmic signal in the premalignant and malignant tumors. Surprisingly, forced expression of CDC25B or CDC25C in cultured SCC cells did not affect proliferation, but instead suppressed apoptosis, while CDC25C silencing increased apoptosis without impacting proliferation. Targeting CDC25C to the nucleus via mutation of its nuclear export sequence, however, increased proliferation in SCC cells. Overexpression of CDC25C in the nuclear compartment did not hinder the ability of CDC25C to suppress apoptosis, neither did mutation of sites necessary for its interaction with 14‐3‐3 proteins. Analysis of apoptotic signaling pathways revealed that CDC25C increased activating phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473, increased inhibitory phosphorylation of proapoptotic BAD on Ser136, and increased the survival protein Survivin. Silencing of CDC25C significantly reduced Survivin levels. Taken together, these data suggest that increased expression of CDC25B or CDC25C are mechanisms by which skin cancers evade apoptotic cell death. 相似文献
3.
Kimberly B. Glazer Kendrin R. Sonneville Nadia Micali Sonja A. Swanson Ross Crosby Nicholas J. Horton Kamryn T. Eddy Alison E. Field 《The Journal of adolescent health》2019,64(2):165-171
Purpose
To quantify eating disorder (ED) stability and diagnostic transition among a community-based sample of adolescents and young adult females in the United States.Methods
Using 11 prospective assessments from 9,031 U.S. females ages 9–15 years at baseline of the Growing Up Today Study, we classified cases of the following EDs involving bingeing and purging: bulimia nervosa (BN), binge ED, purging disorder (PD), and subthreshold variants defined by less frequent (monthly vs. weekly) bingeing and purging behaviors. We measured number of years symptomatic and probability of maintaining symptoms, crossing to another diagnosis, or resolving symptoms across consecutive surveys.Results
Study lifetime disorder prevalence was 2.1% for BN and roughly 6% each for binge ED and PD. Most cases reported symptoms during only one survey year. Twenty-six percent of cases crossed between diagnoses during follow-up. Among participants meeting full threshold diagnostic criteria, transition from BN was most prevalent, crossing most frequently from BN to PD (12.9% of BN cases). Within each disorder phenotype, 20%–40% of cases moved between subthreshold and full threshold criteria across consecutive surveys.Conclusions
Diagnostic crossover is not rare among adolescent and young adult females with an ED. Transition patterns from BN to PD add support for considering these classifications in the same diagnostic category of disorders that involve purging. The prevalence of crossover between monthly and weekly symptom frequency suggests that a continuum or staging approach may increase utility of ED classification for prognostic and therapeutic intervention. 相似文献4.
5.
Decreases in sex hormone levels with menopause may bring about a number of consequences in women's general health and sexual well-being, especially when levels decline suddenly and prematurely, as in surgical menopause. In addition to the well-established role of estrogens in preserving the biological basis of sexual response, there is emerging evidence that androgens are significant independent determinants affecting sexual desire, activity and satisfaction, as well as mood, energy and other components of women's health. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), a persistent absence of sexual fantasies or thoughts and/or desire for and receptivity to sexual activity that causes personal distress, is experienced by some postmenopausal women. Even though conventional hormone therapy with estrogens or estrogens and progestogens may be effective for vaginal atrophy, increasing vaginal lubrication and reducing dyspareunia, it has not been shown to consistently increase sexual desire or activity and many women with sexual dysfunction remain unresponsive. Several recent, large, phase III studies have shown that the addition of transdermal testosterone to conventional hormone therapy can be helpful in surgically menopausal women presenting with HSDD. After 24 weeks of treatment in these studies, testosterone-treated women experienced significantly greater increases in satisfying sexual activity and sexual desire, and greater decreases in distress, than placebo-treated women. Accurate clinical assessment and individualized management of sexual symptoms are fundamentally important for all menopausal women with HSDD or other sexual problems. 相似文献
6.
Clinical versus ultrasonographic evaluation of scrotal disorders 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
B Kromann-Andersen L B Hansen P N Larsen K Lawetz P Lynge D Lysen S P Nielsen K H Stockholm P Foged 《British journal of urology》1988,61(4):350-353
Clinical and ultrasonographic examinations of scrotal disorders were compared in 166 patients in order to determine their ability to distinguish between those diseases requiring surgery and those requiring clinical follow-up only. Ultrasound examinations were efficient in discriminating between normal and pathological findings. Extra-testicular lesions were readily differentiated from testicular ones. Although both clinical and ultrasonographic examinations had high sensitivity (90%) in detecting testicular cancer, the number of false positive findings was smaller after ultrasound examination. This gave a predictive value of a positive test of 53% after ultrasound examination but only 33% after clinical examination. Ultrasound examination may, therefore, reduce the number of surgical explorations in the scrotum and should be performed in patients with suspected testicular pathology based on history and palpatory findings. 相似文献
7.
Sonja Olin Lauritzen 《Sociology of health & illness》1997,19(4):436-456
This paper is concerned with mothers’ understandings of child health in their young babies. To explore how child health is depicted, explained and contextualised by mothers, altogether 29 mothers in Stockholm and London were interviewed through the baby's first months about day-to-day experiences of the baby's health and well-being. The analysis of the mothers’ accounts reveals how the mothers, in the process of assessing health, try to ‘read’ the bodily signs and reactions in their babies. Some major themes emerge on how the mothers identify and characterise threats to the health of the baby; here described as threats of abnormalities, threats to the survival of the baby, threats to the thriving of the baby and threats from illnesses. Notions of child health are discussed in relation to the ‘bodily’ and the ‘social’, and how the embodied images of child health are intertwined with the mothers’ presentations of themselves as responsible for the health of their children and as ‘worthy’ parents. 相似文献
8.
9.
P.J. Hansen P. Soto . 《American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)》2002,48(3):150-150
Increased peripheral NK cells in aborting women are considered as a predictor of immunological miscarriages. Here, we investigated the diagnostic value of the NK count at the time of abortion. Peripheral NK cells were counted by flow cytometry in 44 women undergoing therapeutic termination of first trimester missed pregnancy (A = 24) or elective abortion (B = 20). Histology of the extracted material was performed and immunological lesions (villitis, intervillositis, vascular thrombosis, increased fibrinoid necrosis) were recorded. Twenty first trimester pregnant women (C1) and 20 nonpregnant women (C2) served as controls. In 20 women of groups A and B (A1 = 10, B2 = 10) count was repeated after 5 days. At abortion time, the NK percentage and number did not differ between groups A and B (18.18%, 360 versus 15.61%, 374), but there was a statistically significant difference between A and C1 (18.18% versus 13.6%, P < 0.03). When histology negative (11) and positive (8) cases were excluded from groups A and B, respectively, NKs were slightly higher in group A (18.18–19.76%) and significantly lower in B (15.61–13.07%, P < 0.05). At the time of second count, aborters' NKs decreased (A1 = 16.64 versus 13.6 and 10.6 in groups C1 and C2 –P = 0.01, respectively). In group B, NK percentage was equal to that of nonpregnant women (10.94 versus 10.6). At the time of abortions, NKs increase only in cases of immune‐mediated miscarriages. Their – in time – count may contribute to the diagnosis of immmunological abortions. 相似文献
10.